Mononchoides Fortidens

	Mononchoides Fortidens ''Mononchoides fortidens,'' of the order Diplogasterida, is a free-living predacious nematode that feeds on both nematodes and bacteria ''. ''The predatory behavior of this nematode presents the opportunity to use it as a bio-control agent against other plant parasitic nematodes. It has been shown to have a preference for the second stage juveniles of ''Meloidogyne incognita''. Distribution and morphology ''M. fortidens'' may be found in decomposing organic manure. Morphological features include lips with setose papillae, large amphid apertures, and a mobile claw-like tooth. The female is diovarial and amphidelphic, while the male is without bursa and has nine pairs of genital papillae. The tails of both the male and female are filiform Predatory behavior ''M. fortidens'' prefers small, slow moving prey. Once they’ve pierced the cuticle, they feed by cutting and sucking or swallowing their prey whole. They have also been shown to aggregate and feed from prey in groups. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Animalia Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1 million are insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes, containing animals such as nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids and molluscs, and the deuterostomes, containing the echinode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Nematoda The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with arthropods, tardigrades and other moulting animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike flatworms, have tubular digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over time. A 2013 survey of animal biodiversity published in the mega jou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Chromadorea The Chromadorea are a class of the roundworm phylum, Nematoda. They contain a single subclass (Chromadoria) and several orders. With such a redundant arrangement, the Chromadoria are liable to be divided if the orders are found to form several clades, or abandoned if they are found to constitute a single radiation. Formerly, they were treated as a subclass in the paraphyletic "Adenophorea" assemblage, which has been mostly abandoned by modern authors. It is also suspected that the Chromadorea may not be monophyletic as delimited here; at least the Monhysterida seem to be a distinct and far more ancient lineage than the rest. Members of this class' bodies usually have annules, their amphids elaborate and spiral, and they all have three esophageal glands. They usually live in marine sediments, although they can live elsewhere. They have a more sophisticated pharynx than most roundworms. Members of this class can be identified by the presence of eight conserved signature indels (C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rhabditida Rhabditida is an order of free-living, zooparasitic, and phytoparasitic microbivorous nematodes living in soil. The Cephalobidae, Panagrolaimidae, Steinernematidae, and Strongyloididae seem to be closer to the Tylenchia, regardless of whether these are merged with the Rhabditia or not.Tree of Life Web Project (2002b)Nematoda Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-NOV-02. Families Rhabditida * Myolaimina ''Incertae sedis'' * Myolaimoidea ***Myolaimidae Rhabditina Bunonematomorpha * Bunonematoidea **Bunonematidae Diplogasteromorpha * Cylindrocorporoidea Cylindrocorporidae * Diplogasteroidea ** Cephalobiidae Diplogasteridae Diplogasteroididae Rhabditomorpha * Mesorhabditoidea Peloderidae * Rhabditoidea ***Rhabditidae Spirurina Ascaridomorpha * Ascaridoidea ** Acanthocheilidae Anisakidae Ascarididae Heterocheilidae Raphidascarididae * Cosmocercoidea **Atractidae Kathlaniidae * Seuratoidea ** Cuc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Diplogastridae Diplogastridae, formerly Diplogasteridae, are a family of nematodes (roundworms) known from a wide range of habitats, often in commensal or parasitic associations with insects. Description Diplogastrid nematodes are characterized by a distinct "two-lobed" pharynx (hence their name from the Greek διπλόος = "double" and γαστήρ = "stomach"), the second ( posterior) lobe being composed mostly of glandular tissue. Most known species also have at least one tooth, which has presumably allowed them to access many new food sources compared with the related nematodes of Rhabditidae (including '' Caenorhabditis elegans''), most species of which feed on bacteria. Several diplogastrid species also have a polyphenism in their mouthparts, allowing resource specialization within species. The wide array of feeding modes in the Diplogastridae is reflected by the relatively high diversity and complexity of their mouth structures, which show accelerated rates of evolution in comparis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mononchoides ''Mononchoides'' is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Diplogastridae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species: '' Mononchoides adjunctus'' '' Mononchoides albus'' ''Mononchoides americanus'' '' Mononchoides andersoni'' '' Mononchoides andrassyi'' ''Mononchoides aphodii'' '' Mononchoides armatus'' '' Mononchoides asiaticus'' '' Mononchoides bicornis'' '' Mononchoides bollingeri'' '' Mononchoides changi'' ''Mononchoides composticola'' '' Mononchoides elegans'' '' Mononchoides filicaudatus'' ''Mononchoides flagellicaudatus'' ''Mononchoides fortidens'' '' Mononchoides gracilis'' '' Mononchoides intermedius'' ''Mononchoides iranicus'' ''Mononchoides isolae'' ''Mononchoides leptospiculum'' ''Mononchoides linocercus'' ''Mononchoides longicauda'' ''Mononchoides longicaudatus'' ''Mononchoides macrospiculum'' ''Mononchoides microstomus'' ''Mononchoides paesleri'' ''Mononchoides paramonovi'' '' Mononchoides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Diplogasterida Diplogasterida was an order of nematodes. It was sometimes placed in a monotypic subclass Diplogasteria, but molecular phylogenetic evidence has shown it to be embedded in the family Rhabditidae (formerly Rhabditina). The confusion of having a hierarchical nesting of groups that were formerly mutually exclusive has led to a profusion of names. Although completely revised taxonomy of nematodes that builds on recent classification systems as well as recent phylogenetic evidence is still necessary, most contemporary taxonomic studies now treat all groups listed under "Diplogasterina" below as a single family, Diplogastridae. Subdivisions Suborder Chambersiellina Hodda 2007 Superfamily Chambersielloidea Thorne 1937 *Family Chambersiellidae Thorne 1937 (Sanwal 1957) Suborder Diplogasterina Paramonov 1952 Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea T. Goodey 1939 Family Cylindrocorporidae T. Goodey 1939 Family Odontopharyngidae Micoletzky 1922 Superfamily Diplogasteroidea M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Nematode The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with Arthropod, arthropods, Tardigrade, tardigrades and other moulting animalia, animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike platyhelminthe, flatworms, have tubular digestion, digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Meloidogyne Incognita ''Meloidogyne incognita'' (root-knot nematode - RKN), also known as the "southern root-nematode" or "cotton root-knot nematode" is a plant-parasitic roundworm in the family Heteroderidae. This nematode is one of the four most common species worldwide and has numerous hosts. It typically incites large, usually irregular galls on roots as a result of parasitism. ''Meloidogyne incognita'' can move along shallower temperature gradients (0.001C/cm) than any other known organism, an example of thermotaxis. The response is complicated and thought to allow the nematodes to move toward an appropriate level in soil, while they search for chemical cues that can guide them to specific roots.Diez and Dusenbery. 1989. Repellent of root-knot nematodes from the exudate of host roots. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:2445-2455. Distribution ''Meloidogyne incognita'' is widely spread around the globe and found in many different soil types. Host ''Meloidogyne incognita'' is probably the most economically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Biological Control Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. There are three basic strategies for biological pest control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biologic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Meloidogyne Arenaria ''Meloidogyne arenaria'' is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes. This nematode is also known as the ''peanut root knot nematode''. The word "''Meloidogyne''" is derived from two Greek words that mean "apple-shaped" and "female".Howard Ferris 1999 to 2011 http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/G076S1.htm. The peanut root knot nematode, ''M. arenaria'' is one of the "major" ''Meloidogyne'' species because of its worldwide economic importance.Chitwood, 1949 (Neal, 1889) Meloidogyne arenaria. http://nematode.unl.edu/wormaren.htm ''M. arenaria'' is a predominant nematode species in the United States attacking peanut in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Texas.J. L. Starr and E. R. Morgan, Management of the Peanut Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria, with Host Resistance. Department of Plant Pathology, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/management/rootknot/ The most damagin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]