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Micrurus Nigrocinctus
''Micrurus nigrocinctus'', commonly known as the Central American coral snake, is a species of a highly venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Latin America from southern Mexico, Central America, to north Colombia. There are six recognized subspecies, including the nominate subspecies described here. Common names Common names for ''M. nigrocinctus'' include Central American coral snake, and in Spanish: ''serpiente-coralillo centroamericana'', ''coral centroamericana'', ''coralillo'', ''gargantilla'', ''salviara'', ''limlim'', ''babaspul'', and ''coral macho''. Description The Central American coral snake is capable of growing to a total length (including tail) of , but most are closer to . It has smooth scales, a rounded head, and eyes with round pupils. Its color pattern can vary from two-colored to three-colored, with black, yellow and red banding. The snout is black. Halfway the head, there is usually a yellow ring (in three-colored specimens) or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Frédéric Girard
Charles Frédéric Girard (8 March 1822 – 29 January 1895) was a French biologist specializing in ichthyology and herpetology. Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard University. Three years later, Spencer Fullerton Baird called him to the Smithsonian Institution to work on its growing collection of North American reptiles, amphibians and fishes. He worked at the museum for the next ten years and published numerous papers, many in collaboration with Baird. In 1854, he was naturalized as a U.S. citizen. Besides his work at the Smithsonian, he managed to earn an M.D. from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. in 1856. In 1859 he returned to France and was awarded the Cuvier Prize by the Institute of France for his work on the North American reptiles and fishes two years later. When the American Civil War broke out, he joined the Confederate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belize
Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a water boundary with Honduras to the southeast. It has an area of and a population of 441,471 (2022). Its mainland is about long and wide. It is the least populated and least densely populated country in Central America. Its population growth rate of 1.87% per year (2018 estimate) is the second-highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is the namesake city of Belize City. Belize is often thought of as a Caribbean country in Central America because it has a history similar to that of English-speaking Caribbean nations. Indeed, Belize’s institutions and official language reflect its history as a British colony. The Maya civilization spread into the area of Beli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrurus Mosquitensis
''Micrurus'' is a genus of venomous coral snakes of the family Elapidae. Geographic range Species in the genus ''Micrurus'' are endemic to the Americas. Species The following 83 species are recognized as being valid. *''Micrurus albicinctus'' Amaral, 1925 *''Micrurus alleni'' K. Schmidt, 1936 *''Micrurus altirostris'' (Cope, 1860) *''Micrurus ancoralis'' Jan, 1872 *''Micrurus annellatus'' W. Peters, 1871 *''Micrurus averyi'' K. Schmidt, 1939 *''Micrurus baliocoryphus'' (Cope, 1862) *''Micrurus bernadi'' (Cope, 1887) *''Micrurus bocourti'' (Jan, 1872) *''Micrurus bogerti'' Roze, 1967 *''Micrurus boicora'' *''Micrurus brasiliensis'' Roze, 1967 *''Micrurus browni'' K. Schmidt & H.M. Smith, 1943 *'' Micrurus carvalhoi'' Roze, 1967 *''Micrurus camilae'' Renjifo & Lundberg, 2003 *'' Micrurus circinalis'' ( A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) *''Micrurus clarki'' K. Schmidt, 1936 *''Micrurus collaris'' (Schlegel, 1837) *''Micrurus corallinus'' ( Merrem, 1820) *''Micr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)
Edward Hallowell (1808 – February 20, 1860) was an American herpetologist and physician. He studied and practiced medicine in Philadelphia. He also was a renowned herpetologist who described 61 new species of reptiles. In 1851, Hallowell was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit .... Hallowell is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of frogs: '' Hyla hallowellii'' and '' Leptodactylus hallowelli. Cope ED (1862). "On some new and little known American ANURA". ''Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia'' 14: 151-159. ("... dedicated to the memory of the late Dr. Edward Hallowell, whom the author holds in grateful and respectful recollection ...", p. 153). Publications in the ''Proceedings of the Academy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrurus Nigrocinctus Divaricatus
''Micrurus'' is a genus of venomous coral snakes of the family Elapidae. Geographic range Species in the genus ''Micrurus'' are endemic to the Americas. Species The following 83 species are recognized as being valid. *'' Micrurus albicinctus'' Amaral, 1925 *'' Micrurus alleni'' K. Schmidt, 1936 *'' Micrurus altirostris'' ( Cope, 1860) *''Micrurus ancoralis'' Jan, 1872 *'' Micrurus annellatus'' W. Peters, 1871 *'' Micrurus averyi'' K. Schmidt, 1939 *'' Micrurus baliocoryphus'' (Cope, 1862) *'' Micrurus bernadi'' (Cope, 1887) *'' Micrurus bocourti'' (Jan, 1872) *'' Micrurus bogerti'' Roze, 1967 *'' Micrurus boicora'' *''Micrurus brasiliensis'' Roze, 1967 *'' Micrurus browni'' K. Schmidt & H.M. Smith, 1943 *'' Micrurus carvalhoi'' Roze, 1967 *'' Micrurus camilae'' Renjifo & Lundberg, 2003 *'' Micrurus circinalis'' ( A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) *'' Micrurus clarki'' K. Schmidt, 1936 *''Micrurus collaris'' ( Schlegel, 1837) *'' Micrurus corallinus'' ( Mer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrurus Nigrocinctus Coibensis
''Micrurus'' is a genus of venomous coral snakes of the family Elapidae. Geographic range Species in the genus ''Micrurus'' are endemic to the Americas. Species The following 83 species are recognized as being valid. *'' Micrurus albicinctus'' Amaral, 1925 *'' Micrurus alleni'' K. Schmidt, 1936 *'' Micrurus altirostris'' ( Cope, 1860) *''Micrurus ancoralis'' Jan, 1872 *'' Micrurus annellatus'' W. Peters, 1871 *'' Micrurus averyi'' K. Schmidt, 1939 *'' Micrurus baliocoryphus'' (Cope, 1862) *'' Micrurus bernadi'' (Cope, 1887) *'' Micrurus bocourti'' (Jan, 1872) *'' Micrurus bogerti'' Roze, 1967 *'' Micrurus boicora'' *''Micrurus brasiliensis'' Roze, 1967 *'' Micrurus browni'' K. Schmidt & H.M. Smith, 1943 *'' Micrurus carvalhoi'' Roze, 1967 *'' Micrurus camilae'' Renjifo & Lundberg, 2003 *'' Micrurus circinalis'' ( A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) *'' Micrurus clarki'' K. Schmidt, 1936 *''Micrurus collaris'' ( Schlegel, 1837) *'' Micrurus corallinus'' ( Mer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janis Roze
Jānis Arnolds Roze, born in Latvia in 1926, is a herpetologist and Professor of Biology Emeritus of City College and Graduate School of the City University of New York.Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . ("Roze", p. 228). He was professionally associated with the American Museum of Natural History and the United Nations. A founder of the International Center for Integrative Studies, he published several books and narrated several videos on Creative Evolution. He co-edited ''What Does it Mean to Be Human''. Biography A short résumé from the "Be Human" film site of The Ecological Institute of Búzios, Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil: *Fulbright Senior Scholar. *Co-Director of UASD International Exchange Program of University of New York. *Advisor at United Nations Center of Science and Technology. *Member of the expert group of UN for the establishment of a new in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrurus Nigrocinctus Babaspul
''Micrurus nigrocinctus babaspul'', or the ''babaspul'' (Creole for "barber's pole"), is a subspecies of ''Micrurus nigrocinctus'', commonly known as the Central American coral snake. ''M. n. babaspul'' is a venomous elapid from Big Corn Island (''Isla Grande del Maíz''), Nicaragua. According to O'Shea (2008) this is an endangered subspecies, and the subspecies may even be extinct. Description ''M. n. babaspul'' is a tricoloured monadal coral snake. Its color pattern consists of rings in the order red/yellow/black/yellow/red. Being a monadal coral snake, it only has one black ring between each pair of red rings. It has a round small head with a long slender body. Adults may attain a total length (including tail) of . Geographic Range The ''babaspul'' is endemic to Big Corn Island, Nicaragua. Habitat ''M. n. babaspul'' inhabits tropical moist forests. Diet The ''babaspul'' will actively hunt small lizards and small snakes, and if available will take some rodents small enoug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuromuscular Junction
A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. In the neuromuscular system nerves from the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are linked and work together with muscles. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmins) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neurotoxin
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insultsSpencer 2000 that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue.Olney 2002 The term can also be used to classify endogenous compounds, which, when abnormally contacted, can prove neurologically toxic. Though neurotoxins are often neurologically destructive, their ability to specifically target neural components is important in the study of nervous systems. Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, ethanol (drinking alcohol), glutamate,Choi 1987 nitric oxide, botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), tetanus toxin,Simpson 1986 and tetrodotoxin. Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive concentrations. Neurotoxins inhibit neuron control over ion concentrations across the cell membrane, or com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oviparity
Oviparous animals are animals that lay their eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, most reptiles, and all pterosaurs, dinosaurs (including birds), and monotremes. In traditional usage, most insects (one being ''Culex pipiens'', or the common house mosquito), molluscs, and arachnids are also described as oviparous. Modes of reproduction The traditional modes of reproduction include oviparity, taken to be the ancestral condition, traditionally where either unfertilised oocytes or fertilised eggs are spawned, and viviparity traditionally including any mechanism where young are born live, or where the development of the young is supported by either parent in or on any part of their body. However, the biologist Thierry Lodé recently divided the traditional category of oviparous reproduction into two modes that he named ovuliparity and (true) oviparity respectively. He distinguished the tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invertebrates
Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include arthropods, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms and cnidarians. The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%. Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata. Invertebrates vary widely in size, from 50 μm (0.002 in) rotifers to the 9–10 m (30–33 ft) colossal squid. Some so-called invertebrates, such as the Tunicata and Cephalochordata, are more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates. This makes the invertebrates paraphyletic, so the term has little meaning in taxonomy. Etymology The word "invertebrate" comes from the Latin word ''vertebra'', whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
