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Microbiome In The Drosophila Gut
The microbiota are the sum of all symbiotic microorganisms ( mutualistic, commensal or pathogenic) living on or in an organism. The fruit fly ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is a model organism and known as one of the most investigated organisms worldwide. The microbiota in flies is less complex than that found in humans. It still has an influence on the fitness of the fly, and it affects different life-history characteristics such as lifespan (life expectancy), resistance against pathogens (immunity) and metabolic processes (digestion). Considering the comprehensive toolkit available for research in ''Drosophila'', analysis of its microbiome could enhance our understanding of similar processes in other types of host-microbiota interactions, including those involving humans. Microbiota plays key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate. Microbial composition ''Drosophila melanogaster'' possesses a comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microbiota
Microbiota are the range of microorganisms that may be commensal, symbiotic, or pathogenic found in and on all multicellular organisms, including plants. Microbiota include bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and viruses, and have been found to be crucial for immunologic, hormonal, and metabolic homeostasis of their host. The term ''microbiome'' describes either the collective genomes of the microbes that reside in an ecological niche or within the microbes themselves. The microbiome and host emerged during evolution as a synergistic unit from epigenetics and genetic characteristics, sometimes collectively referred to as a holobiont. The presence of microbiota in human and other metazoan guts has been critical for understanding the co-evolution between metazoans and bacteria. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses via their fermentation product (short-chain fatty acid), acetate. Introduction All plants and animals, from simple life fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactobacillus Brevis
''Levilactobacillus brevis'' is a gram-positive, rod shaped species of lactic acid bacteria which is heterofermentative, creating CO2, lactic acid and acetic acid or ethanol during fermentation. ''L. brevis'' is the type species of the genus ''Levilactobacillus'' (previously ''L. brevis'' group), which comprises 24 specieshttp://www.lactobacillus.ualberta.ca/ http://www.lactobacillus.uantwerpen.be/).Pavlova, S. I., Kilic, A. O., Kilic, S. S., So, J. S., Nader‐Macias, M. E., Simoes, J. A., & Tao, L. (2002). Genetic diversity of vaginal lactobacilli from women in different countries based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 92(3), 451-459. It can be found in many different environments, such as fermentation (food), fermented foods, and as normal microbiota. ''L.brevis'' is found in food such as sauerkraut and pickling, pickles. It is also one of the most common causes of beer spoilage. Ingestion has been shown to improve human immune system, human immune fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Sechellia
''Drosophila sechellia'' is a species of fruit fly, used in lab studies of speciation because it can mate with ''Drosophila simulans''. ''Drosophila sechellia'' is endemic to (some of) the Seychelles, and was one of 12 fruit fly genomes sequenced for a large comparative study. ''Morinda'' fruit ''Drosophila sechellia'' are known to preferentially lay eggs on toxic ''Morinda'' fruits. Research has shown that a mutation in the gene that inhibits egg production is associated with a reduction in L-DOPA; L-DOPA is a precursor of the fertility-regulating hormone dopamine Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic compound, organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine const .... ''Morinda'' fruits are rich in L-DOPA, owing to their usually insecticidal capacities. ''Drosophila sechellia'' fertility is reliant on the L-DOPA found in ''Morin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Sulfurigaster
''Drosophila sulfurigaster'' is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. It was first described by Oswald Duda in 1923. According to the ''Catalogue of Life'' ''D. sulfurigaster'' does not have subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species .... References ''Systema Dipterorum''. {{Taxonbar, from=Q14587532 Insects described in 1923 sulfurigaster ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Immigrans
''Drosophila immigrans'' is a species of vinegar fly in the family Drosophilidae. ''Drosophila immigrans'' is a member of the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus Drosophila. It is related to the '' Drosophila quinaria'' and ''Drosophila testacea ''Drosophila testacea'' is a member of the ''testacea'' species group of '' Drosophila''. Testacea species are specialist fruit flies that breed on the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. ''Drosophila testacea'' can be found in temperate regions of E ...'' species groups, and the fellow Immigrans species group member '' Drosophila albomicans''. ''Drosophila immigrans'' has been used in evolutionary studies to understand how viruses evolve with their hosts. Gallery File: Dimm f3.tif File: Dimm f4.tif File: Fruit Fly (Drosophila immigrans) (13114869053).jpg File: Fruit fly Drosphila immigrans (37911683846).jpg References Further reading * External links * immigrans Articles created by Qbugbot Insects describe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Hydei
''Drosophila hydei (mosca casera)'' is a species of Diptera, or the order of flies, in the family Drosophilidae. It is a species in the ''hydei'' species subgroup, a group in the ''repleta'' species group. Bizarrely, it is also known for having approximately 23 mm long sperm, 10 times the length of the male's body. ''Drosophila hydei'' are commonly found on compost piles worldwide, and can be rudimentarily identified by eye owing to their large size and variegated pigment pattern on the thorax. The name derives from Dr R. R. Hyde, who first discovered that the species was distinct from Drosophila repleta'. ''D. hydei'' are one of the more popular flies used as feeders in the pet trade. A few varieties are available, some flightless. They are very similar to ''Drosophila melanogaster'', despite having separated 50 million years ago. Wild populations of ''D. hydei'' can be infected with ''Spiroplasma'' bacteria that defend the fly against parasitoid wasps. Contribution to i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Flavohirta
''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies (sometimes referred to as "true fruit flies"); tephritids feed primarily on unripe or ripe fruit, with many species being regarded as destructive agricultural pests, especially the Mediterranean fruit fly. One species of ''Drosophila'' in particular, ''D. melanogaster'', has been heavily used in research in genetics and is a common model organism in developmental biology. The terms "fruit fly" and "''Drosophila''" are often used synonymously with ''D. melanogaster'' in modern biological literature. The entire genus, however, contains more than 1,500 species and is very diverse in appearance, be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Elegans
''Drosophila elegans'' is a flower-feeding species of fruit flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae. It is found in Taiwan and the Philippines in Asia. It belongs to the ''Drosophila melanogaster'' species group where it forms its own subgroup. There are two morphs (brown and black) of the species. The difference is due to the percentages of 7- pentacosene and 9-pentacosene on the cuticle. As a lab model species, it requires banana-opuntia-protein food. Its genome has been sequenced in 2011. The name was also used for a fossil (†''Drosophila elegans'' Statz, 1940) from the Upper Oligocene of the Rott Formation in Germany. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled for the name to be conserved for the extant species by suppression of its unused senior homonym (replaced by †'' Drosophila statzi'' Ashburner and Bachli, 2006).Drosophilidae (Diptera). Irina Brake and Gerhard Baechli, World Catalogue of Insects, Volume 9, 2008, page 126 See also * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microdrosophila
''Microdrosophila'' is a genus of vinegar flies, insects in the family Drosophilidae. There are at least 70 described species in ''Microdrosophila''. Species These 76 species belong to the genus ''Microdrosophila'': * '' Microdrosophila acristata'' Okada, 1968 * '' Microdrosophila bamanpuriensis'' Upadhyay & Singh, 2007 * '' Microdrosophila bicornua'' Okada, 1985 * '' Microdrosophila bilineata'' Kumar & Gupta, 1990 * '' Microdrosophila bimaculata'' (Meijere, 1908) * '' Microdrosophila bipartita'' Zhang, 1989 * '' Microdrosophila bullata'' Takada & Momma, 1975 * '' Microdrosophila chejuensis'' Lee & Kim, 1990 * '' Microdrosophila chinsurae'' De & Gupta, 1994 * '' Microdrosophila chuii'' Chen, 1994 * '' Microdrosophila conda'' Zhang, 1989 * '' Microdrosophila congesta'' (Zetterstedt, 1847) * '' Microdrosophila conica'' Okada, 1985 * '' Microdrosophila convergens'' (Malloch, 1934) * '' Microdrosophila cristata'' Okada, 1960 * '' Microdrosophila cucullata'' Zhang, 1989 * '' Microdroso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Falleni
. ''Drosophila falleni'' is a species of fly found in northeastern North America. A mycophagous insect, it is known to feed on the fruit bodies (mushrooms) of several genera of fungi, including ''Agaricus'', ''Amanita'', ''Agrocybe'', ''Boletus'', ''Cortinarius'', ''Pluteus'' ''Grifola'', ''Polyporus'', ''Hypholoma'', ''Russula'', ''Mycena'', ''Stropharia'', and ''Xerula''. The fly can be infested by the parasitic nematode ''Howardula aoronymphium'', which enters the fly larvae when it is feeding on mushrooms. ''Drosophila falleni'' are attracted to mushroom sites by cuing in on specific odourants that are common in rotting mushrooms. However the odourants that attract ''D. falleni'' to mushrooms are different from the odours that attract its nematode parasite ''Howardula aoronymphium''. Infection by ''H. aoronymphium'' alters ''D. falleni'' olfactory preferences, causing infected flies to become more averse to acetate-containing compounds such as ethyl acetate or propyl acetate. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetobacter Pasteurianus
''Acetobacter'' is a genus of acetic acid bacteria. Acetic acid bacteria are characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. Of these, the genus ''Acetobacter'' is distinguished by the ability to oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water. Bacteria of the genus ''Acetobacter'' have been isolated from industrial vinegar fermentation processes and are frequently used as fermentation starter cultures. History of research The acetic fermentation was demonstrated by Louis Pasteur, who discovered the first acetobacter - ''Acetobacter aceti'' - in 1864. In 1998, two strains of ''Acetobacter'' isolated from red wine and cider vinegar were named '' Acetobacter oboediens'' and ''Acetobacter pomorum''. In 2000, ''Acetobacter oboediens'' and '' Acetobacter intermedius'' were transferred to ''Gluconacetobacter'' on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing. In 2002, '' Acetobacter cerevisiae'' and '' Acetobacter malorum'' were identified b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetobacter Tropicalis
''Acetobacter'' is a genus of acetic acid bacteria. Acetic acid bacteria are characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. Of these, the genus ''Acetobacter'' is distinguished by the ability to oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water. Bacteria of the genus ''Acetobacter'' have been isolated from industrial vinegar fermentation processes and are frequently used as fermentation starter cultures. History of research The acetic fermentation was demonstrated by Louis Pasteur, who discovered the first acetobacter - ''Acetobacter aceti'' - in 1864. In 1998, two strains of ''Acetobacter'' isolated from red wine and cider vinegar were named ''Acetobacter oboediens'' and '' Acetobacter pomorum''. In 2000, ''Acetobacter oboediens'' and ''Acetobacter intermedius'' were transferred to ''Gluconacetobacter'' on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing. In 2002, ''Acetobacter cerevisiae'' and ''Acetobacter malorum'' were identified by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
