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Meissen Gulden
{{italic title, string=gulden The Meissen ''gulden'' (German: ''Meißnische Gulden'', ''Meißner Gulden'' or ''Gulden Meißnisch''), abbreviation Mfl., was a Rhenish Gold Gulden that was established in Saxony in 1490 at a value of 21 ''groschen'' and which, from 1542 to 1838 became a coin of account (a notional accounting gulden) of the same value. When the Saxon ''Guldengroschen'' (silver ''gulden'', ''thaler'' coins), which had had the same value as the gold ''gulden'' since 1500, were set at 24 ''groschen'' in 1542, the Meissen ''gulden'' remained in use in Saxony as an accounting coin at 21 ''groschen'' until the 19th century.Arnold (1980), p. 64 Explanation The Meissen ''gulden'' used as an accounting coin up until the 19th century goes back to the Saxon coinage regulations of 9 August 1490, according to which the gold ''gulden'' in Saxony was reduced to 21 ''groschen'' (''Spitzgroschen'') (gold ''Guldengroschen'' = 1:21 - see ''Bartgroschen''). /ref> See also * Saxon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhenish Guilder
The Rhenish ''gulden'' or Rhenish ''guilder'' (german: Rheinischer Gulden; la, florenus Rheni) was a gold, standard currency coin of the Rhineland in the 14th and 15th centuries. They weighed between 3.4 and 3.8 grams (). History The Rhenish gold ''gulden'' was created when the electors of Cologne, Trier and Mainz were rewarded for their support in the election of Charles IV with a right to mint gold coins (), a right derived from the Golden Bull. Trier was given the privilege on 25 November 1346, Cologne on 26 November 1346 and Mainz on 22 January 1354. The Rhenish ''gulden'' or ''florin'' began in 1354 as a copy of the Florentine ''florin'' (weight th a Cologne Mark of gold, 23 karats fine, or 3.43 g fine gold). However, by the early 15th century it has lost most of its gold content. In 1419 it was th a Cologne Mark of gold, 19 karats fine; hence 2.76 g fine gold. As a result of the widespread minting of gold ''guldens'' by the electors of Cologne, Mainz, Trier and the E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groschen
Groschen (; from la, grossus "thick", via Old Czech ') a (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The word is borrowed from the late Latin description of a tornose, a ''grossus denarius Turnosus,'' in English the "thick denarius of Tours". Groschen was frequently abbreviated in old documents to ''gl'', whereby the second letter was not an '' l'' (12th letter of the alphabet), but an abbreviation symbol; later it was written as ''Gr'' or ''g''. Names and etymology The name was introduced in 13th-century France as ', lit. "thick penny", whence Old French ', Italian ', Middle High German ', Low German and Dutch ' and English '' groat''. In the 14th century, it appeared as Old Czech ', whence Modern German '. Names in other modern European languages include: * sq, grosh * Church Slavonic-derived languages: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian and Serbo-Croatian ('), Ukrain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coin Of Account
A coin of account is a unit of money that does not exist as an actual coin (that is, a metal disk) but is used in figuring prices or other amounts of money. Examples Mill The ''mill'' (or sometimes, ''mil'') is a coin of account in the United States. It is equal to one-tenth of a penny, and so to one-thousandth of a dollar (= $0.001), whence the name, which means "thousandth." There was never such a coin minted by the U.S. Federal government, though some states minted these coins well into the mid-1900s. Coins of account are used in accounting and for figuring taxes, usually either property taxes or sales taxes. Guinea From 1816 to the 1980s the British Guinea was no longer used a coin but prices for luxury items and professional services were often quoted in guineas, on the understanding that a guinea was equal to 21 shillings. See also * Unit of account * Money * Digital currency Digital currency (digital money, electronic money or electronic currency) is any currency, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guldengroschen
The ''Guldengroschen'' or ''Guldiner'' was a large silver coin originally minted in Tirol in 1486, but which was introduced into the Duchy of Saxony in 1500. The name "''Guldengroschen''" came from the fact that it has an equivalent denomination value in silver relative to that of the '' goldgulden'' (60 ''kreuzer''). In the latter years of the 1470s and early years of the 1480s Sigismund of Austria issued decrees that reformed the poor state of his region's coinage by improving the silver fineness back to a level not seen in centuries (.937 pure) and created denominations larger than the ubiquitous, but fairly low valued ''Groschen'' of 4 to 6 ''Kreuzer'' that were in use. In 1484, small numbers of "half ''guldengroschens''" valued at 30 kreuzer were issued. This was a revolutionary leap in denomination from the smaller pieces, and surpassed even the large '' testones'' of Italy which were the highest weight coins in use. Finally, in 1486 the full sized ''guldengroschen'' of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich III
Frederick III may refer to: * Frederick III, Duke of Upper Lorraine (died 1033) * Frederick III, Duke of Swabia (1122–1190) * Friedrich III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (1220–1297) * Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine (1240–1302) * Frederick III of Sicily (1272–1337), also known as Frederick II of Sicily * Frederick III of Germany (1289–1330), nicknamed the Fair, King of the Romans and previously Duke Frederick I of Austria * Frederick III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1327–1353) * Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia (1332–1381) * Frederick III, Margrave of Meissen (1332–1381) * Frederick III the Simple (1341–1377), King of Sicily * Frederick III, Duke of Austria (1347–1362) * Frederick III, Count of Moers (1354–1417) * Frederick III, Count of Veldenz (died 1444) * Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1415–1493) * Frederick III, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1424–1495) * Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (aka Frederick the Wise,) (1463–1525) * Frederick III, Electo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich August I
Friedrich may refer to: Names *Friedrich (surname), people with the surname ''Friedrich'' *Friedrich (given name), people with the given name ''Friedrich'' Other *Friedrich (board game), a board game about Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War * ''Friedrich'' (novel), a novel about anti-semitism written by Hans Peter Richter *Friedrich Air Conditioning, a company manufacturing air conditioning and purifying products *, a German cargo ship in service 1941-45 See also *Friedrichs (other) *Frederick (other) *Nikolaus Friedreich Nikolaus Friedreich (1 July 1825 in Würzburg – 6 July 1882 in Heidelberg) was a German pathologist and neurologist, and a third generation physician in the Friedreich family. His father was psychiatrist Johann Baptist Friedreich (1796–1862) ... {{disambig ja:フリードリヒ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spitzgroschen
The history of Saxon coinage or Meissen-Saxon coinage comprises three major periods: the high medieval regional pfennig period (bracteate period), the late medieval pfennig period and the thaler period, which ended with the introduction of the mark in 1871/72. Rich silver deposits, which were discovered near Freiberg after the middle of the 12th century, helped Saxony to a leading position in German coinage. The Saxon pfennigs ('' Sachsenpfennige'') minted in eastern Saxony are also included, as described in Walther Haupt's ''Sächsischer Münzkunde'' ("Saxon Coinage"). They were minted on the basis of the Carolingian monetary reform, on which the oldest Meissen coinage is based. The different names of these pfennig types indicate a still unclear position within medieval numismatics. ''Hochrandpfennig'' (''Sachsenpfennig'') The 10th and 11th century pfennig type known as the Saxon pfennig ('' Sachsenpfennig'') with a raised edge is the most common pfennig type of this time ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bartgroschen
The history of Saxon coinage or Meissen-Saxon coinage comprises three major periods: the High Middle Ages, high medieval regional pfennig, regional pfennig period (bracteate period), the late Middle Ages, late medieval pfennig period and the thaler period, which ended with the introduction of the Mark (1871), mark in 1871/72. Rich silver deposits, which were discovered near Freiberg after the middle of the 12th century, helped Saxony to a leading position in German coinage. The Saxon pfennigs (''Sachsenpfennige'') minted in eastern Saxony are also included, as described in Walther Haupt's ''Sächsischer Münzkunde'' ("Saxon Coinage"). They were minted on the basis of the Carolingian coinage, Carolingian monetary reform, on which the oldest Margraviate of Meissen, Meissen coinage is based. The different names of these pfennig types indicate a still unclear position within medieval numismatics. ''Hochrandpfennig'' (''Sachsenpfennig'') The 10th and 11th century pfennig type kno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saxon Coin History
The history of Saxon coinage or Meissen-Saxon coinage comprises three major periods: the high medieval regional pfennig period (bracteate period), the late medieval pfennig period and the thaler period, which ended with the introduction of the mark in 1871/72. Rich silver deposits, which were discovered near Freiberg after the middle of the 12th century, helped Saxony to a leading position in German coinage. The Saxon pfennigs ('' Sachsenpfennige'') minted in eastern Saxony are also included, as described in Walther Haupt's ''Sächsischer Münzkunde'' ("Saxon Coinage"). They were minted on the basis of the Carolingian monetary reform, on which the oldest Meissen coinage is based. The different names of these pfennig types indicate a still unclear position within medieval numismatics. ''Hochrandpfennig'' (''Sachsenpfennig'') The 10th and 11th century pfennig type known as the Saxon pfennig ('' Sachsenpfennig'') with a raised edge is the most common pfennig type of this t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coins Of The Holy Roman Empire
A coin is a small, flat (usually depending on the country or value), round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. ''Obverse'' and its opposite, ''reverse'', refer to the two flat faces of coins and medals. In this usage, ''obverse'' means the front face of the object and ''reverse'' means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called ''heads'', because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse ''tails''. Coins are usually made of metal or an alloy, or sometimes of man-made materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins, made of valuable metal, are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions, circulating alongside banknotes. Usually the highest value ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economy Of The Holy Roman Empire
An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of scarce resources'. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency. How ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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