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Math Wars
Math wars is the debate over modern mathematics education, textbooks and curricula in the United States that was triggered by the publication in 1989 of the ''Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics'' by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and subsequent development and widespread adoption of a new generation of mathematics curricula inspired by these standards. While the discussion about math skills has persisted for many decades, the term "math wars" was coined by commentators such as John A. Van de Walle and David Klein. The debate is over traditional mathematics and reform mathematics philosophy and curricula, which differ significantly in approach and content. Advocates of reform The largest supporter of reform in the US has been the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. One aspect of the debate is over how explicitly children must be taught skills based on formulas or algorithms (fixed, step-by-step procedures for solving math p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics Education
In contemporary education, mathematics education, known in Europe as the didactics or pedagogy of mathematics – is the practice of teaching, learning and carrying out scholarly research into the transfer of mathematical knowledge. Although research into mathematics education is primarily concerned with the tools, methods and approaches that facilitate practice or the study of practice, it also covers an extensive field of study encompassing a variety of different concepts, theories and methods. National and international organisations regularly hold conferences and publish literature in order to improve mathematics education. History Ancient Elementary mathematics were a core part of education in many ancient civilisations, including ancient Egypt, ancient Babylonia, ancient Greece, ancient Rome and Vedic India. In most cases, formal education was only available to male children with sufficiently high status, wealth or caste. The oldest known mathematics textbook is the Rh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Everyday Math
''Everyday Mathematics'' is a pre-K and elementary school mathematics curriculum, developed by the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project (not to be confused with the University of Chicago School of Mathematics). The program, now published by McGraw-Hill Education McGraw Hill is an American educational publishing company and one of the "big three" educational publishers that publishes educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education. The company also publishes referenc ..., has sparked debate. History ''Everyday Mathematics'' curriculum was developed by the University of Chicago School Math Project (or UCSMP ) which was founded in 1983. Work on it started in the summer of 1985. The 1st edition was released in 1998 and the 2nd in 2002. A third edition was released in 2007 and a fourth in 2014-2015. Curriculum structure Below is an outline of the components of EM as they are generally seen throughout the curriculum. ;Lessons: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Three-part Lesson
A three-part lesson is an inquiry-based learning method used to teach mathematics in K–12 schools. The three-part lesson has been attributed to John A. Van de Walle, a mathematician at Virginia Commonwealth University. Components Getting started phase (10 to 15 minutes) The purpose is to cognitively prepare students for the math lesson by having them think about a procedure, strategy or concept used in a prior lesson. Teachers determine what specific previous learning they wish students to recall, based on outcomes desired for that particular lesson. The role of the teacher is to "get students mentally prepared to work on the problem". Marian Small, a proponent of a constructivist approach to mathematical instruction, provides an example of an inquiry-based question from which a three-part lesson could be created: "one bus has 47 students in it; another has 38. How many students are on both buses?" Work phase (30 to 40 minutes) Students engage in solving math problems individ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Math
New Mathematics or New Math was a dramatic but temporary change in the way mathematics was taught in American grade schools, and to a lesser extent in European countries and elsewhere, during the 1950s1970s. Curriculum topics and teaching practices were changed in the U.S. shortly after the Sputnik crisis. The goal was to boost students' science education and mathematical skill to meet the technological threat of Soviet engineers, reputedly highly skilled mathematicians. Overview After the Sputnik launch in 1957, the U.S. National Science Foundation funded the development of several new curricula in the sciences, such as the Physical Science Study Committee high school physics curriculum, Biological Sciences Curriculum Study in biology, anCHEM Studyin chemistry. Several mathematics curriculum development efforts were also funded as part of the same initiative, such as th School Mathematics Study Group, anUniversity of Illinois Committee on School Mathematics These curric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marian Small
Marian Small (born 1948) is a Canadian educational researcher, academic, author, and public speaker. She has co-authored mathematics textbooks used in Canada, Austria, and the United States, and is a proponent of a constructivist approach to mathematical instruction within K–12 classrooms. Career Small began teaching at the University of New Brunswick's Faculty of Education in 1973. Within that faculty she served as department chair, acting associate dean, acting dean, dean, and acting vice-president. Small served two terms on New Brunswick's School District 18. Approach to mathematics instruction Small advocates a "constructivism" approach to mathematics instruction, which encourages students to construct explanations to math problems. "There is a strongly held belief in the mathematics education community", wrote Small, "that mathematics is best learned when students are actively engaged in constructing their own understandings. This is only likely to happen in classr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education In The United States
Education in the United States is provided in public and private schools and by individuals through homeschooling. State governments set overall educational standards, often mandate standardized tests for K–12 public school systems and supervise, usually through a board of regents, state colleges, and universities. The bulk of the $1.3 trillion in funding comes from state and local governments, with federal funding accounting for about $260 billion in 2021 compared to around $200 billion in past years. Private schools are free to determine their own curriculum and staffing policies, with voluntary accreditation available through independent regional accreditation authorities, although some state regulation can apply. In 2013, about 87% of school-age children (those below higher education) attended state-funded public schools, about 10% attended tuition and foundation-funded private schools, and roughly 3% were home-schooled. By state law, education is compulsory over an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Klein (mathematician)
David Klein is a professor of Mathematics at California State University in Northridge. He is an advocate of increasingly rigorous treatment of mathematics in school curricula and a frequently cited opponent of reforms based on the NCTM standards. One of the participants in the founding of Mathematically Correct, Klein appears regularly in the Math Wars. Klein, who is a member of the U.S. Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel, supports the BDS movement which seeks to impose comprehensive boycotts against Israel until it meets its obligations under international law. Klein hosts a webpage supportive of the BDS movement on his university website and, starting in 2011, it became the target of numerous complaints from the pro-Israel groups AMCHA Initiative, Shurat HaDin, and the Global Frontier Justice Center who claimed that it constituted a misuse of state resources. The complaints were dismissed both by the university's staff and by legal authorities as baseless. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-racist Mathematics
The anti-bias curriculum is an activist approach to educational curricula which attempts to challenge prejudices such as racism, sexism, ableism, ageism, weightism, homophobia, classism, colorism, heightism, handism, religious discrimination and other forms of kyriarchy. The approach is favoured by civil rights organisations such as the Anti-Defamation League. The anti-racist curriculum is part of a wider social constructivist movement in the various societies of the Western World, where many scientific worldviews are seen as manifestations of Western cultures who enjoy a privileged position over societies from the "Global South", along with claiming that there is a sociocultural aspect to education, i.e. that the studies of these subjects in Western societies have usually exhibited racial and cultural bias, and that they focus too much on "dead white men", especially in mathematics.See ''ethnomathematics''. Purpose The anti-bias curriculum is seen by its proponents as a cata ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jo Boaler
Jo Boaler (born 18 February 1964) is a British education author and Nomellini-Olivier Professor of Mathematics Education at the Stanford Graduate School of Education. Boaler is involved in promoting reform mathematics and equitable mathematics classrooms.Boaler, J. (2002). Paying the Price for "Sugar and Spice": Shifting the Analytical Lens in Equity Research. Mathematical Thinking and Learning. 4(2&3),127–144. She is the co-founder and faculty director of youcubed a Stanford centre that offers free mathematics education resources to teachers, students and parents. She is the author of nine books, including Limitless Mind (2019), ''Mathematical Mindsets'' (2016), ''What's Math Got To Do With It?'' (2009) and ''The Elephant in the Classroom'' (2010), all written for teachers and parents with the goal of improving mathematics education in both the US and UK. Education and training Jo Boaler received a Bachelors in Psychology from Liverpool University in 1985. Jo Boaler then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Reading Panel
The National Reading Panel (NRP) was a United States government body. Formed in 1997 at the request of Congress, it was a national panel with the stated aim of assessing the effectiveness of different approaches used to teach children to read. The panel was created by Director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) at the National Institutes of Health, in consultation with the United States Secretary of Education, and included prominent experts in the fields of reading education, psychology, and higher education. The panel was chaired by Donald Langenberg (University of Maryland), and included the following members: Gloria Correro (Mississippi State U.), Linnea Ehri (City University of New York), Gwenette Ferguson (middle school teacher, Houston, TX), Norma Garza (parent, Brownsville, TX), Michael L. Kamil (Stanford U.), Cora Bagley Marrett (U. Massachusetts-Amherst), S. J. Samuels (U. of Minnesota), Timothy Shanahan (educator) (U. of Illinois ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Core State Standards Initiative
The Common Core State Standards Initiative, also known as simply Common Core, is an educational initiative from 2010 that details what K–12 students throughout the United States should know in English language arts and mathematics at the conclusion of each school grade. The initiative is sponsored by the National Governors Association and Council of Chief State School Officers. The initiative also seeks to establish consistent educational standards across the states as well as ensure that students graduating from high school are prepared to enter credit-bearing courses at two- or four-year college programs or to enter the workforce. Background In the 1990s, a movement began in the U.S. to establish national educational standards for students across the country. * (a) outlining what students were expected to know and do at each grade level * (b) implementing ways to find out if they were meeting those standards. Development In late 2008, the NGA convened a group of people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George W
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. While in his twenties, Bush flew warplanes in the Texas Air National Guard. After graduating from Harvard Business School in 1975, he worked in the oil industry. In 1978, Bush unsuccessfully ran for the House of Representatives. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball before he was elected governor of Texas in 1994. As governor, Bush successfully sponsored legislation for tort reform, increased education funding, set higher standards for schools, and reformed the criminal justice system. He also helped make Texas the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the nation. In the 2000 presidential election, Bush defeated Democratic incum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
