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Massacre Of Running Waters
The massacre of Running Waters was the killing of 80 to 100 Arrernte (formerly known as Aranda) men, women and children of the Southern Aranda language group of Aboriginal Australians by a raiding party of 50 to 60 Matuntara warriors in 1875. The massacre took place at Irbmangkara, a permanent water stretch of the Finke River about south-west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia. The Matuntara planned the attack as a punishment for an act of sacrilege by the neighbouring southern Arrernte. The account of what occurred at Irbmangkara is based on the writings of Lutheran anthropologist, linguist and genealogist Carl Strehlow, but the people of Hermannsburg have stated that the events have remained a shaping factor in the area's local politics. Events The massacre was triggered thanks to a middle-aged man called Kalejika, who belonged to a Central Aranda local group. Kalejika paid a visit to Irbmangkara, and then told some Upper Southern Aranda men that Ltjab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arrernte People
The Arrernte () people, sometimes referred to as the Aranda, Arunta or Arrarnta, are a group of Aboriginal Australian peoples who live in the Arrernte lands, at ''Mparntwe'' (Alice Springs) and surrounding areas of the Central Australia region of the Northern Territory. Many still speak one of the various Arrernte dialects. Some Arrernte live in other areas far from their homeland, including the major Australian cities and overseas. Arrernte mythology and spirituality focuses on the landscape and The Dreaming. Altjira is the creator being of the Inapertwa that became all living creatures. Tjurunga are objects of religious significance. The Arrernte Council is the representative and administrative body for the Arrernte Lands and is part of the Central Land Council. Tourism is important to the economy of Alice Springs and surrounding communities. Arrernte languages "Aranda" is a simplified, Australian English approximation of the traditional pronunciation of the na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australian Overland Telegraph Line
The Australian Overland Telegraph Line was a telegraphy system to send messages over long distances using cables and electric signals. It spanned between Darwin, in what is now the Northern Territory of Australia, and Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. Completed in 1872 (with a line to Western Australia added in 1877), it allowed fast communication between Australia and the rest of the world. When it was linked to the Java-to-Darwin submarine telegraph cable several months later, the communication time with Europe dropped from months to hours; Australia was no longer so isolated from the rest of the world. The line was one of the great engineering feats of 19th-century Australia and probably the most significant milestone in the history of telegraphy in Australia. Conception and competition By 1855 speculation had intensified about possible routes for the connection of Australia to the new telegraph cable in Java and thus Europe. Among the routes under consideration ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Massacres Of Indigenous Australians
Numerous clashes involving Indigenous people (on the continent "Australia") occurred during and after a wave of mass immigration of Europeans into the continent, which began in the late 18th century and lasted until the early 20th century. These clashes resulted in significant numbers of deaths – and are considered to be a contributing factor in the decline of the Indigenous population during an ongoing process of mass immigration and clearing of land for agricultural purposes. There are over 300 known sites involving clashes with Indigenous people on the continent. There are over nine instances of mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians. A project headed by historian Lyndall Ryan from the University of Newcastle and funded by the Australian Research Council, has been researching and mapping the sites of these clashes. Significant collaborators toward this project include Jonathan Richards from the University of Queensland, Jennifer Debenham, Chris Owen, Robyn Smith a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group which is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.Thomas Hale 'On Being a Missionary' 2003, William Carey Library Pub, . In the Latin translation of the Bible, Jesus Christ says the word when he sends the disciples into areas and commands them to preach the gospel in his name. The term is most commonly used in reference to Christian missions, but it can also be used in reference to any creed or ideology. The word ''mission'' originated in 1598 when Jesuits, the members of the Society of Jesus sent members abroad, derived from the Latin ( nom. ), meaning 'act of sending' or , meaning 'to send'. By religion Buddhist missions The first Buddhist missionaries were called "Dharma Bhanaks", and some see a missionary charge in the symbolism behind the Buddhist wheel, which is said to travel all over the earth brin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tempe Downs Station , a traditional soy product, commonly known as ''tempe''
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Tempe may refer to: Places * Vale of Tempe, Greece * Tempe, Arizona, United States * Tempe, New South Wales, a suburb in Sydney, Australia * Lake Tempe, Indonesia * Tempe, Bloemfontein, South Africa, an area outside Bloemfontein, home to various military bases and units See also * Tempa, West Virginia, which may be named for the Vale of Tempe (see above) * Tempeh Tempeh or tempe (; jv, ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦥꦺ, témpé, ) is a traditional Indonesian food made from fermented soybeans. It is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form. A fungus, '' Rhizo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Willshire (policeman)
William Henry Willshire (10 March 1852 – 22 August 1925) was an Australian police officer who worked in Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia. He was the first police officer to be charged for murder in Australian history, after killing a group of Aboriginal people at Tempe Downs Station. Early life Willshire was born on 10 March 1852 in Adelaide, South Australia. He was the son of a schoolmaster James Doughty Willshire and his wife Emily Elizabeth (née Schlenkrich). Alice Springs posting In 1878, he joined the South Australian Police Force and was posted to Alice Springs four years later. By 1883, he was promoted to first-class mounted constable, and then took charge of a native police force consisting of six men, investigating incidents such as cattle spearing. In 1886, he established the police station at Heavitree Gap. He also built a short-lived outpost at Boggy Hole near Hermannsburg. It was closed after three chained prisoners were shot in the back by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Colorado Boulder
The University of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder, CU, or Colorado) is a public research university in Boulder, Colorado. Founded in 1876, five months before Colorado became a state, it is the flagship university of the University of Colorado system. CU Boulder is a member of the Association of American Universities, a selective group of major research universities in North America, and is classified among R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity. In 2021, the university attracted support of over $634 million for research and spent $536 million on research and development according to the National Science Foundation, ranking it 50th in the nation. The university consists of nine colleges and schools and offers over 150 academic programs, enrolling more than 35,000 students as of January 2022. To date, 5 Nobel Prize laureates, 10 Pulitzer Prize winners, 11 MacArthur "Genius Grant" recipients, 1 Turing Award laureate, and 20 astronauts have been affiliated wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mens Rea
In criminal law, (; Law Latin for "guilty mind") is the mental element of a person's intention to commit a crime; or knowledge that one's action (or lack of action) would cause a crime to be committed. It is considered a necessary element of many crimes. The standard common law test of criminal liability is expressed in the Latin phrase ,1 Subst. Crim. L. § 5.1(a) (3d ed.) i.e. "the act is not culpable unless the mind is guilty". As a general rule, someone who acted without mental fault is not liable in criminal law.". . . a person is not guilty of an offense unless he acted purposely, knowingly, recklessly or negligently, as the law may require, with respect to each material element of the offense." Model Penal Code § 2.02(1) Exceptions are known as strict liability crimes.21 Am. Jur. 2d Criminal Law § 127 Moreover, when a person intends a harm, but as a result of bad aim or other cause the intent is transferred from an intended victim to an unintended victim, the ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indigenous Australian Customary Law
Indigenous Australian customary law refers to the legal systems and practices uniquely belonging to Indigenous Australians of Australia, that is, Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Background and description Indigenous peoples of Australia comprise two groups with very different histories, ethnicities and customs: Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. Torres Strait Islanders are "strictly monogamous [and] mostly church-married". The most notable customary practice differing from usual practice among non-Indigenous Australians is that of adoption, known as ''kupai omasker'', by members of the extended family or friends. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to. Most studies have looked exclusively at Aboriginal law and lore, with regard to personal and social customs. Aboriginal customary law developed over time from accepted morality, moral and social norms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Strehlow
John Strehlow (born 1946) is an Australian stage director, playwright, and author. He is known for his work''The tale of Frieda Keysser: Frieda Keysser & Carl Strehlow, an historical biography'', about his grandparents, Lutheran missionaries Carl and Frieda Strehlow, who served for many years at Hermannsburg Mission in the Northern Territory. Early life Strehlow was born in 1946 in Adelaide, South Australia, into a family closely involved with Aboriginal people for three generations. His parents are Ted and Bertha Strehlow and his paternal grandparents are Carl and Frieda Strehlow. Strehlow received his early education from Adelaide Boys' High School from 1958 to 1963, and while at school he studied piano, clarinet and, later, the organ. As an organist he Organ Music Society of Adelaide competition in 1962. Strehlow studied Classics at the University of Adelaide from 1964 to 1966 before changing to Modern European and Asian History in 1967, from which he graduated with honou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Latz (botanist)
Peter Kenneth Latz (born 1941) is an agrostologist, botanist, ethnobotanist, and author from Central Australia. For 55 years he worked with the Eastern and Western Arrernte, Alyawarre, Anmatyerre, Pintupi/Luritja, Pitjantjatjara/ Yankunytjatjara, and Warlpiri people to organise and share their cultural and scientific knowledge of central Australian plants. In many areas of Australia this knowledge has been lost, but it has been preserved in the Red Centre as a result of this lifelong collaboration. He has published articles and books on Australian plants, particularly on arid grasses and vegetation and Aboriginal plant use. Early life Latz was born in Alice Springs in 1941 and grew up in the Arrernte settlement of Ntaria / Hermannsburg Mission 120 km west of Alice Springs in Central Australia, the son of Lutheran missionaries. This town is most well-known as the home of the renowned painter Albert Namatjira with whom Peter’s mother worked. Peter was raised by an Aborigina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Griffith University
Griffith University is a public research university in South East Queensland on the east coast of Australia. Formally founded in 1971, Griffith opened its doors in 1975, introducing Australia's first degrees in environmental science and Asian studies. The university is named after Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, who was twice Premier of Queensland and the first Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia. Sir Samuel Griffith played a major role in the Federation of Australia and was the principal author of the Australian constitution. Opening at Nathan as a single campus of 451 students, the University now has five campuses spanning three cities, the largest of which are the Gold Coast campus at Southport and the Nathan campus in Brisbane. The Mount Gravatt and South Bank campuses are also located in Brisbane, while the Logan campus is at Meadowbrook. Griffith has about 50,000 students and offers a full suite of undergraduate, postgraduate and research degrees in the are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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