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Mandelstam Variables
In theoretical physics, the Mandelstam variables are numerical quantities that encode the energy, momentum, and angles of particles in a scattering process in a Lorentz-invariant fashion. They are used for scattering processes of two particles to two particles. The Mandelstam variables were first introduced by physicist Stanley Mandelstam in 1958. If the Minkowski metric is chosen to be \mathrm(1, -1,-1,-1), the Mandelstam variables s,t,u are then defined by :*s=(p_1+p_2)^2 c^2 =(p_3+p_4)^2 c^2 :*t=(p_1-p_3)^2 c^2 =(p_4-p_2)^2 c^2 :*u=(p_1-p_4)^2 c^2 =(p_3-p_2)^2 c^2, where ''p''1 and ''p''2 are the four-momenta of the incoming particles and ''p''3 and ''p''4 are the four-momenta of the outgoing particles. s is also known as the square of the center-of-mass energy (invariant mass The invariant mass, rest mass, intrinsic mass, proper mass, or in the case of bound systems simply mass, is the portion of the total mass of an object or system of objects that is independent of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandelstam
Mandelstam or Mandelshtam (russian: Мандельштам) is a Jewish surname which may refer to: * Leonid Mandelstam (1879–1944), Russian theoretical physicist ** Mandel'shtam (crater), lunar crater named for Leonid Mandelstam * Nadezhda Mandelstam (1899–1980), Russian writer, wife of Osip Mandelstam * Osip Mandelstam (1891–1938), Russian poet * Rod Mandelstam (born 1942), South African-born tennis player * Stanley Mandelstam (1928–2016), South African-born particle physicist ** Mandelstam variables In theoretical physics, the Mandelstam variables are numerical quantities that encode the energy, momentum, and angles of particles in a scattering process in a Lorentz-invariant fashion. They are used for scattering processes of two particles ..., relativistically invariant representation for particle scattering, introduced by Stanley Mandelstam {{surname Jewish surnames Yiddish-language surnames ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unstable Particle
In particle physics, a resonance is the peak located around a certain energy found in differential cross sections of scattering experiments. These peaks are associated with subatomic particles, which include a variety of bosons, quarks and hadrons (such as nucleons, delta baryons or upsilon mesons) and their excitations. In common usage, "resonance" only describes particles with very short lifetimes, mostly high-energy hadrons existing for or less. The width of the resonance (''Γ'') is related to the mean lifetime (''τ'') of the particle (or its excited state) by the relation :\Gamma=\frac where ''h'' is the Planck constant and =\frac. Thus, the lifetime of a particle is the direct inverse of the particle's resonance width. For example, the charged pion has the second-longest lifetime of any meson, at . Therefore, its resonance width is very small, about or about 6.11 MHz. Pions are generally not considered as "resonances". The charged rho meson has a very short ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinematics (particle Physics)
Kinematics is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move. Kinematics, as a field of study, is often referred to as the "geometry of motion" and is occasionally seen as a branch of mathematics. A kinematics problem begins by describing the geometry of the system and declaring the initial conditions of any known values of position, velocity and/or acceleration of points within the system. Then, using arguments from geometry, the position, velocity and acceleration of any unknown parts of the system can be determined. The study of how forces act on bodies falls within kinetics, not kinematics. For further details, see analytical dynamics. Kinematics is used in astrophysics to describe the motion of celestial bodies and collections of such bodies. In mechanical engineering, robotics, and biomechanics kinematics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press A university press is an academic publishing house specializing in monographs and scholarly journals. Most are nonprofit organizations and an integral component of a large research university. They publish work that has been reviewed by schola ... in the world. It is also the King's Printer. Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher. It became part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment, following a merger with Cambridge Assessment in 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 Country, countries, it publishes over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries. Its publishing includes more than 380 academic journals, monographs, reference works, school and uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Wiley & Sons
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley (), is an American multinational publishing company founded in 1807 that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials. The company produces books, journals, and encyclopedias, in print and electronically, as well as online products and services, training materials, and educational materials for undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education students. History The company was established in 1807 when Charles Wiley opened a print shop in Manhattan. The company was the publisher of 19th century American literary figures like James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe, as well as of legal, religious, and other non-fiction titles. The firm took its current name in 1865. Wiley later shifted its focus to scientific, technical, and engineering subject areas, abandoning its literary interests. Wiley's son John (born in Flatbush, New York, October 4, 1808; died in East Orange, New Je ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physical Review
''Physical Review'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols. It publishes original research as well as scientific and literature reviews on all aspects of physics. It is published by the American Physical Society (APS). The journal is in its third series, and is split in several sub-journals each covering a particular field of physics. It has a sister journal, ''Physical Review Letters'', which publishes shorter articles of broader interest. History ''Physical Review'' commenced publication in July 1893, organized by Cornell University professor Edward Nichols and helped by the new president of Cornell, J. Gould Schurman. The journal was managed and edited at Cornell in upstate New York from 1893 to 1913 by Nichols, Ernest Merritt, and Frederick Bedell. The 33 volumes published during this time constitute ''Physical Review Series I''. The American Physical Society (APS), founded in 1899, took over its publication in 1913 and star ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compton Scattering
Compton scattering, discovered by Arthur Holly Compton, is the scattering of a high frequency photon after an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. If it results in a decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of the photon (which may be an X-ray or gamma ray photon), it is called the Compton effect. Part of the energy of the photon is transferred to the recoiling electron. Inverse Compton scattering occurs when a charged particle transfers part of its energy to a photon. Introduction Compton scattering is an example of elastic scattering of light by a free charged particle, where the wavelength of the scattered light is different from that of the incident radiation. In Compton's original experiment (see Fig. 1), the energy of the X ray photon (≈17 keV) was significantly larger than the binding energy of the atomic electron, so the electrons could be treated as being free after scattering. The amount by which the light's wavelength changes is called the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Møller Scattering
Møller scattering is the name given to electron-electron scattering in quantum field theory, named after the Danish physicist Christian Møller. The electron interaction that is idealized in Møller scattering forms the theoretical basis of many familiar phenomena such as the repulsion of electrons in the helium atom. While formerly many particle colliders were designed specifically for electron-electron collisions, more recently electron-positron colliders have become more common. Nevertheless, Møller scattering remains a paradigmatic process within the theory of particle interactions. We can express this process in the usual notation, often used in particle physics: e^ e^ \longrightarrow e^ e^, In quantum electrodynamics, there are two tree-level Feynman diagrams describing the process: a t-channel diagram in which the electrons exchange a photon and a similar u-channel diagram. Crossing symmetry, one of the tricks often used to evaluate Feynman diagrams, in this case imp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bhabha Scattering
In quantum electrodynamics, Bhabha scattering is the electron-positron scattering process: ::e^+ e^- \rightarrow e^+ e^- There are two leading-order Feynman diagrams contributing to this interaction: an annihilation process and a scattering process. Bhabha scattering is named after the Indian physicist Homi J. Bhabha. The Bhabha scattering rate is used as a luminosity monitor in electron-positron colliders. Differential cross section To leading order, the spin-averaged differential cross section for this process is ::\frac = \frac \left( u^2 \left( \frac + \frac \right)^2 + \left( \frac \right)^2 + \left( \frac \right)^2 \right) \, where ''s'',''t'', and ''u'' are the Mandelstam variables, \alpha is the fine-structure constant, and \theta is the scattering angle. This cross section is calculated neglecting the electron mass relative to the collision energy and including only the contribution from photon exchange. This is a valid approximation at collision energies small com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feynman Diagrams
In theoretical physics, a Feynman diagram is a pictorial representation of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles. The scheme is named after American physicist Richard Feynman, who introduced the diagrams in 1948. The interaction of subatomic particles can be complex and difficult to understand; Feynman diagrams give a simple visualization of what would otherwise be an arcane and abstract formula. According to David Kaiser, "Since the middle of the 20th century, theoretical physicists have increasingly turned to this tool to help them undertake critical calculations. Feynman diagrams have revolutionized nearly every aspect of theoretical physics." While the diagrams are applied primarily to quantum field theory, they can also be used in other fields, such as solid-state theory. Frank Wilczek wrote that the calculations that won him the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics "would have been literally unthinkable without Feynman diagram ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Relativistic Energy-momentum Equation
Relativity may refer to: Physics * Galilean relativity, Galileo's conception of relativity * Numerical relativity, a subfield of computational physics that aims to establish numerical solutions to Einstein's field equations in general relativity * Principle of relativity, used in Einstein's theories and derived from Galileo's principle * Theory of relativity, a general treatment that refers to both special relativity and general relativity ** General relativity, Albert Einstein's theory of gravitation ** Special relativity, a theory formulated by Albert Einstein, Henri Poincaré, and Hendrik Lorentz ** '' Relativity: The Special and the General Theory'', a 1920 book by Albert Einstein Social sciences * Linguistic relativity * Cultural relativity * Moral relativity Arts and entertainment Music * Relativity Music Group, a Universal subsidiary record label for releasing film soundtracks * Relativity Records, an American record label * Relativity (band), a Scots-Irish traditio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wiley-VCH
Wiley-VCH is a German publisher owned by John Wiley & Sons. It was founded in 1921 as Verlag Chemie (meaning "Chemistry Press": VCH stands for ''Verlag Chemie'') by two German learned societies. Later, it was merged into the German Chemical Society (GDCh). In 1991, VCH acquired Akademie Verlag :''There also were unrelated publishing houses in Stuttgart and in (East-)Berlin, and there is the (JAVG).'' Akademie Verlag (AV) is a German scientific and academic publishing company, founded in 1946 in the Soviet-occupied eastern part .... It has been owned by John Wiley & Sons since 1996. The humanities section of Akademie Verlag and the Akademie brand were sold in 1997 to R. Oldenbourg Verlag, while VCH retained the natural sciences catalog. References External links * Wiley (publisher) Publishing companies of Germany Publishing companies established in 1921 Weinheim German companies established in 1921 {{publish-company-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
