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List Of Sequenced Plastomes
A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists. The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study. The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales. A compilation of all available complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository. Plants Bryophytes ''s.l.'' Ferns and Lycophytes Gymnosperms Flowering plants This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families. Green algae Red algae Glaucophytes Meta-algae and apicomplexans Meta-algae are organisms with phot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CtDNA
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is tumor-derived fragmented DNA in the bloodstream that is not associated with cells. ctDNA should not be confused with cell-free DNA (cfDNA), a broader term which describes DNA that is freely circulating in the bloodstream, but is not necessarily of tumor origin. Because ctDNA may reflect the entire tumor genome, it has gained traction for its potential clinical utility; "Liquid biopsy, liquid biopsies" in the form of blood draws may be taken at various time points to monitor tumor progression throughout the treatment regimen. ctDNA originates directly from the tumor or from circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which describes viable, intact tumor cells that shed from primary tumors and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The precise mechanism of ctDNA release is unclear. The biological processes postulated to be involved in ctDNA release include apoptosis and necrosis from dying cells, or active release from viable tumor cells. Studies in both huma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bruniales
Bruniales is a valid botanic name at the rank of order. Until recently it was not in use, but a 2008 study suggested that Bruniaceae and Columelliaceae are sister clades. The latest revision of the APG system, APG III, places both families as the only members of the order Bruniales, which is sister to the Apiales, and one of the asterid In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flo ... taxa. The APG III phylogenetic tree for the asterids is: References Angiosperm orders {{Asterid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nothoceros Aenigmaticus
''Nothoceros'' is a genus of hornworts in the family Dendrocerotaceae. The genus is found in New Zealand, South America, and neotropical and eastern North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car .... References External links Hornworts Bryophyte genera {{Bryophyte-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nothoceros
''Nothoceros'' is a genus of hornworts in the family Dendrocerotaceae. The genus is found in New Zealand, South America, and neotropical and eastern North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car .... References External links Hornworts Bryophyte genera {{Bryophyte-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marchantia Polymorpha
''Marchantia polymorpha'' is a species of large thalloid liverwort in the class Marchantiopsida. ''M. polymorpha'' is highly variable in appearance and contains several subspecies. This species is dioicous, having separate male and female plants. ''M. polymorpha'' has a wide distribution and is found worldwide.Matthews, Robin F. 1993. Marchantia polymorpha. In: Fire Effects Information System, nline U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/bryophyte/marpol/all.html 017, December 8 Common names include common liverwort or umbrella liverwort. Distribution ''Marchantia polymorpha'' subsp. ''ruderalis'' has a circumpolar boreo-arctic cosmopolitan distribution, found worldwide on all continents except Antarctica. Habitat ''Marchantia polymorpha'' grows on shaded moist soil and rocks in damp habitats such as the banks of streams and pools, bogs, fen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marchantia
''Marchantia'' is a genus of liverworts in the family Marchantiaceae and the order Marchantiales. The thallus of ''Marchantia'' shows differentiation into two layers: an upper photosynthetic layer with a well-defined upper epidermis with pores and a lower storage layer. The thallus features tiny cup-like structures called gemma cups, containing gemmae, small packets of tissue that are used for asexual reproduction. The combination of barrel-shaped pores and the circular shape of the gemma cups are diagnostic of the genus. Multicellular purple colored scales with single cell thickness and unicellular rhizoids are present on the ventral surface of the thallus. Reproduction ''Marchantia'' can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction involves sperm from antheridia on the male plant fertilizing an ovum (egg cell) in the archegonium of a female plant. The antheridia and archegonia are borne atop special gametophore stalks called antheridiophores and archegoni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthoceros Formosae
''Anthoceros'' is a genus of hornworts in the family Anthocerotaceae. It is distributed globally. Species of ''Anthoceros'' are characterized by having a small to medium-sized, green thallus that is more or less lobed along the margins. Etymology The name ''Anthoceros'' means 'flower horn', referring to the characteristic horn-shaped sporophytes that all hornworts produce. Description The spores are dark gray, dark brown or black. This distinguishes it from the related genus ''Phaeoceros'', which produces yellow spores. The thallus lacks air chambers and scales, and has no well defined mid rib. It has unicellular smooth rhizoids in the ventral region. It is irregularly lobed, and exhibits rare dichotomous branching. The thallus has little to no tissue differentiation, being composed of thin, compactly arranged uniform parenchymatous cells. ''Anthoceros'' species are host to species of ''Nostoc'', a symbiotic relationship in which ''Nostoc'' provides nitrogen to its host thro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthoceros
''Anthoceros'' is a genus of hornworts in the family Anthocerotaceae. It is distributed globally. Species of ''Anthoceros'' are characterized by having a small to medium-sized, green thallus that is more or less lobed along the margins. Etymology The name ''Anthoceros'' means 'flower horn', referring to the characteristic horn-shaped sporophytes that all hornworts produce. Description The spores are dark gray, dark brown or black. This distinguishes it from the related genus '' Phaeoceros'', which produces yellow spores. The thallus lacks air chambers and scales, and has no well defined mid rib. It has unicellular smooth rhizoids in the ventral region. It is irregularly lobed, and exhibits rare dichotomous branching. The thallus has little to no tissue differentiation, being composed of thin, compactly arranged uniform parenchymatous cells. ''Anthoceros'' species are host to species of ''Nostoc'', a symbiotic relationship in which ''Nostoc'' provides nitrogen to its host thr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aneura Mirabilis
''Aneura mirabilis'' is a species of liverworts in the family Aneuraceae. It was first described in 1933, as ''Cryptothallus mirabilis''. Plants of this species are white as a result of lacking chlorophyll, and their plastids do not differentiate into chloroplasts. Description ''Aneura mirabilis'' is a subterranean myco-heterotroph that obtains its nutrients from the abundant fungi growing among its tissues rather than from photosynthesis. The infecting fungus is a basidiomycete, a species of ''Tulasnella'', which is also the case in fungi associated with other species of ''Aneura'', as well as the related genus ''Riccardia''. However, this is not the case for other members of the Metzgeriales that have been studied. Plants are white, lacking chlorophyll, and their plastids do not differentiate into chloroplasts. They are small, seldom growing more than long. The species is dioicous, with individual plants producing either antheridia or archegonia, but never both. The female plan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aneura (plant)
''Aneura'' is a genus of liverworts in the family Aneuraceae. Species The 2016 world checklist of hornworts and liverworts listed the following species, placed into three categories. ;Fully accepted *'' Aneura blasioides'' *'' Aneura crateriformis'' *'' Aneura hirsuta'' *'' Aneura marianensis'' *'' Aneura maxima'' *''Aneura mirabilis'' *'' Aneura novaguineensis'' *''Aneura pinguis'' ;Insufficient knowledge *'' Aneura brasiliensis'' *'' Aneura cerebrata'' *''Aneura crumii'' *'' Aneura eachamensis'' *'' Aneura erronea'' *'' Aneura eskuchei'' *'' Aneura gemmifera'' *''Aneura gibbsiana'' *'' Aneura glaucescens'' *'' Aneura imbricata'' *'' Aneura kaguaensis'' *''Aneura keniae'' *''Aneura latissima'' *''Aneura macrostachya'' *''Aneura novaecaledoniae'' *''Aneura pellucida'' *''Aneura polyantha'' *''Aneura punctata'' *''Aneura rodwayi'' *''Aneura rotangicola'' *''Aneura sharpii ''Aneura'' may refer to: * ''Aneura'' (fly), a genus of insects in the family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Base Pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, "Watson–Crick" (or "Watson–Crick–Franklin") base pairs (guanine–cytosine and adenine–thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. The Complementarity (molecular biology), complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a redundant copy of the genetic information encoded within each strand of DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
