|
List Of Papal Relatives Created Cardinal
This is a list of papal relatives created cardinal by a pope other than their relative. These ''creates'' are similar to cardinal-nephews but this list does not include cardinals included in the list of cardinal-nephews List Notes References *Thomson, John A.F. 1980. ''Popes and Princes, 1417-1517: Politics and Polity in the Late Medieval Church''. Boston: George Allen & Unwin. . *Williams, George L. 2004. ''Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes''. McFarland. {{ISBN, 0-7864-2071-5. *J. M. Brixius, ''Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181'', Berlin 1912 *R. Hüls, ''Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049-1130'', Tübingen 1977 *H.W. Klewitz, ''Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg'', Darmstadt 1957 *B. Zenker, ''Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159'', Würzburg 1964 *K. Ganzer, ''Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelater'', Tübingen 1963 *W. Maleczek, ''Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 12 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardinal-nephew
A cardinal-nephew ( la, cardinalis nepos; it, cardinale nipote; es, valido de su tío; pt, cardeal-sobrinho; french: prince de fortune)Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 114. Modern French scholarly literature uses the term "cardinal-neveu'". was a cardinal elevated by a pope who was that cardinal's relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The last cardinal-nephew was named in 1689 and the practice was abolished in 1692.Bunson, Matthew. 1995.Cardinal Nephew. ''The Pope Encyclopedia''. Crown Trade Paperbacks. . The word ''nepotism'' originally referred specifically to this practice, when it appeared in the English language about 1669. From the middle of the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull (a papal charter), ''Romanum decet pontificem'' (1692), a pope without a cardinal-nephew was the exception to the rule. Every Renaissance pope who creat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
