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List Of Knowledge Representation Languages
In computer science and artificial intelligence, ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies. They allow the encoding of knowledge about specific domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing of that knowledge. Ontology languages are usually declarative languages, are almost always generalizations of frame languages, and are commonly based on either first-order logic or on description logic. Classification of ontology languages Classification by syntax Traditional syntax ontology languages * Common Logic - and its dialects * CycL * DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications) * F-Logic (Frame Logic) * FO-dot (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions) * KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format) ** Ontolingua based on KIF * KL-ONE * KM programming language * LOOM (ontology) * OCML (Operational Conceptual Modelling Language) * OKBC ( Open Knowledge Base Connectiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Science
Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to Applied science, practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of Computer architecture, hardware and Computer programming, software). Computer science is generally considered an area of research, academic research and distinct from computer programming. Algorithms and data structures are central to computer science. The theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of computational problem, problems that can be solved using them. The fields of cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and for preventing Vulnerability (computing), security vulnerabilities. Computer graphics (computer science), Computer graphics and computational geometry address the generation of images. Progr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KL-ONE
KL-ONE (pronounced "kay ell won") is a knowledge representation system in the tradition of semantic networks and frames; that is, it is a frame language. The system is an attempt to overcome semantic indistinctness in semantic network representations and to explicitly represent conceptual information as a structured inheritance network. Overview There is a whole family of KL-ONE-like systems. One of the innovations that KL-ONE initiated was the use of a deductive classifier, an automated reasoning engine that can validate a frame ontology and deduce new information about the ontology based on the initial information provided by a domain expert. Frames in KL-ONE are called concepts. These form hierarchies using subsume-relations; in the KL-ONE terminology a super class is said to subsume its subclasses. Multiple inheritance is allowed. Actually a concept is said to be well-formed only if it inherits from more than one other concept. All concepts, except the top concept (usu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Executable English
In computing, executable code, an executable file, or an executable program, sometimes simply referred to as an executable or binary, causes a computer "to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instructions", as opposed to a data file that must be interpreted ( parsed) by a program to be meaningful. The exact interpretation depends upon the use. "Instructions" is traditionally taken to mean machine code instructions for a physical CPU. In some contexts, a file containing scripting instructions (such as bytecode) may also be considered executable. Generation of executable files Executable files can be hand-coded in machine language, although it is far more convenient to develop software as source code in a high-level language that can be easily understood by humans. In some cases, source code might be specified in assembly language instead, which remains human-readable while being closely associated with machine code instructions. The high-level language is comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attempto Controlled English
Attempto Controlled English (ACE) is a controlled natural language, i.e. a subset of standard English with a restricted syntax and restricted semantics described by a small set of construction and interpretation rules. It has been under development at the University of Zurich since 1995. In 2013, ACE version 6.7 was announced. ACE can serve as knowledge representation, specification, and query language, and is intended for professionals who want to use formal notations and formal methods, but may not be familiar with them. Though ACE appears perfectly natural – it can be read and understood by any speaker of English – it is in fact a formal language. ACE and its related tools have been used in the fields of software specifications, theorem proving, text summaries, ontologies, rules, querying, medical documentation and planning. Here are some simple examples: # Every woman is a human. # A woman is a human. # A man tries-on a new tie. If the tie pleases his wife then the man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simple HTML Ontology Extensions
In the semantic web, Simple HTML Ontology Extensions are a small set of HTML extensions designed to give web pages semantic meaning by allowing information such as class, subclass and property relationships. SHOE was developed around 1996 by Sean Luke, Lee Spector, James Hendler, Jeff Heflin, and David Rager at the University of Maryland, College Park. See also * EMML (Motorola) * Microformat * Microdata (HTML) Microdata is a WHATWG HTML specification used to nest metadata within existing content on web pages. Search engines, web crawlers, and browsers can extract and process Microdata from a web page and use it to provide a richer browsing experience ... References # Luke, S., Spector, L, and Rager, D. 'Ontology-Based Knowledge Discovery on the World-Wide Web''. Workshop on Internet-Based Information Systems at the 13th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 1996. # Luke, S. and Hendler, J. Web Agents that Work. IEEE MultiMedia 4:3. 1997. # Luke, S., ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RDF Schema
RDF Schema (Resource Description Framework Schema, variously abbreviated as RDFS, , RDF-S, or RDF/S) is a set of classes with certain properties using the RDF extensible knowledge representation data model, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies. It uses various forms of RDF vocabularies, intended to structure RDF resources. RDF and RDFS can be saved in a triplestore, then one can extract some knowledge from them using a query language, like SPARQL. The first version was published by the World-Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in April 1998, and the final W3C recommendation was released in February 2014. Many RDFS components are included in the more expressive Web Ontology Language (OWL). Terminology RDFS constructs are the RDFS classes, associated properties and utility properties built on the vocabulary of RDF. Classes ; : Represents the class of everything. All things described by RDF are resources. ; : An ''rdfs:Class'' declares a resource as a class for ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resource Description Framework
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard originally designed as a data model for metadata. It has come to be used as a general method for description and exchange of graph data. RDF provides a variety of syntax notations and data serialization formats with Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) currently being the most widely used notation. RDF is a directed graph composed of triple statements. An RDF graph statement is represented by: 1) a node for the subject, 2) an arc that goes from a subject to an object for the predicate, and 3) a node for the object. Each of the three parts of the statement can be identified by a URI. An object can also be a literal value. This simple, flexible data model has a lot of expressive power to represent complex situations, relationships, and other things of interest, while also being appropriately abstract. RDF was adopted as a W3C recommendation in 1999. The RDF 1.0 specification was published in 2004, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Web Ontology Language
The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies. Ontologies are a formal way to describe taxonomies and classification networks, essentially defining the structure of knowledge for various domains: the nouns representing classes of objects and the verbs representing relations between the objects. Ontologies resemble class hierarchies in object-oriented programming but there are several critical differences. Class hierarchies are meant to represent structures used in source code that evolve fairly slowly (perhaps with monthly revisions) whereas ontologies are meant to represent information on the Internet and are expected to be evolving almost constantly. Similarly, ontologies are typically far more flexible as they are meant to represent information on the Internet coming from all sorts of heterogeneous data sources. Class hierarchies on the other hand tend to be fairly static and rely on far less diverse and more structu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ontology Inference Layer
OIL (Ontology Inference Layer or Ontology Interchange Language) can be regarded as an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic Web. OIL is based on concepts developed in Description Logic (DL) and frame-based systems and is compatible with RDFS. OIL was developed by Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen (Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) and Ian Horrocks (University of Manchester) as part of the IST OntoKnowledge project. Much of the work in OIL was subsequently incorporated into DAML+OIL and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). See also * DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) * DAML+OIL * Ontology In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being, as well as related concepts such as existence, becoming, and reality. Ontology addresses questions like how entities are grouped into categories and which of these entities exis ... References Knowledge representation languages Ontology (information science) {{comp-sci-stub de:Ontology Inference Layer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DAMLplusOIL
The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies. Ontologies are a formal way to describe taxonomies and classification networks, essentially defining the structure of knowledge for various domains: the nouns representing classes of objects and the verbs representing relations between the objects. Ontologies resemble class hierarchies in object-oriented programming but there are several critical differences. Class hierarchies are meant to represent structures used in source code that evolve fairly slowly (perhaps with monthly revisions) whereas ontologies are meant to represent information on the Internet and are expected to be evolving almost constantly. Similarly, ontologies are typically far more flexible as they are meant to represent information on the Internet coming from all sorts of heterogeneous data sources. Class hierarchies on the other hand tend to be fairly static and rely on far less diverse and more structu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Markup Language
Markup language refers to a text-encoding system consisting of a set of symbols inserted in a text document to control its structure, formatting, or the relationship between its parts. Markup is often used to control the display of the document or to enrich its content to facilitating automated processing. A markup language is a set of rules governing what markup information may be included in a document and how it is combined with the content of the document in a way to facilitate use by humans and computer programs. The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of paper manuscripts (i.e., the revision instructions by editors), which is traditionally written with a red pen or blue pencil on authors' manuscripts. Older markup languages, which typically focus on typography and presentation, include troff, TeX, and LaTeX. Scribe and most modern markup languages, for example XML, identify document components (for example headings, paragraphs, and tables), with the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RACER System
Racer or The Racer or Racers may refer to: Snakes * Any of several genera of colubrid snakes, such as '' Coluber''; '' Drymobius'', the neotropical racers; ''Masticophis'', the whip snakes or coachwhips; and ''Alsophis'' * Galapagos racer (''Pseudalsophis biserialis''), endemic to the Galapagos Islands Entertainment *''The Racer'', 1953 novel by Hans Ruesch *''The Racers'', 1955 film based on the Hans Ruesch novel *"The Racer", 1958 story by Ib Melchior, base of the 1975 film ''Death Race 2000'' * ''The Racer'' (film), 2020 film * '' Star Wars Episode I: Racer'', a video game *Lego Racers, a product line of the Lego construction toy * ''Lego Racers'' (video game), a 1999 video game by Lego Software *''The Racers'', working title for the 1961 television series '' Straightaway'' * Racer (simulator), a free video game available online * The Racer family and Racer Motors, a fictional family and company in the ''Speed Racer'' universe *West Coast Racers, roller coaster at Six Flags ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
