|
List Of Extinct Languages
*List of languages by time of extinction ---- *List of extinct languages of Africa *List of extinct languages of Asia *List of extinct languages in Central America and the Caribbean *List of extinct languages of Europe *List of extinct languages of North America *List of extinct languages of South America See also *Extinct language *Language policy *Language death *Lists of endangered languages *List of revived languages *The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire ''The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire'' is a book about the small nations of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and Russia and some other post-Soviet states of today. It was published in Estonian in 1991 and in English in 2001. T ... {{DEFAULTSORT:Extinct language zh:滅亡語言列表 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Languages By Time Of Extinction
An extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes extinct upon the death of its last native speaker, the terminal speaker. A language like Latin is not extinct in this sense, because it evolved into the modern Romance languages; it is impossible to state when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum (compare synchronic continuum) between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one hand and descendants like Old French and Old Italian on the other; any cutoff date for distinguishing ancestor from descendant is arbitrary. For many languages which have become extinct in recent centuries, attestation of usage is datable in the historical record, and sometimes the terminal speaker is identifiable. In other cases, historians and historical linguists may infer an estimated date of extinction from other events in the history of the sprachraum. List 21st cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Extinct Languages Of Africa
This is a list of extinct languages of Africa, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant. There are 49 languages listed; 11 from Eastern Africa, 8 from Middle Africa, 17 from Northern Africa, 3 from Southern Africa, 10 from Western Africa. Eastern Africa Eritrea * Geez * Italian Eritrean Ethiopia * Gafat * Mesmes * Weyto Kenya *Kore Madagascar *Vazimba (with Glottolog code, unclassifiable) Tanzania * Kw'adza * Ngasa Uganda * Nyang'i * Singa Middle Africa Angola * Kwadi Cameroon * Duli * Gey (possibly a dialect of Duli) * Nagumi * Yeni Chad * Horo * Muskum Democratic Republic of the Congo * Ngbee Northern Africa * Ancient Nubian Algeria *Numidian Egypt * Ancient Egyptian Sudan * Baygo *Berti * Birked * Gule *Homa * Meroitic * Mittu * Togoyo * Torona Tunisia *African Romance *Mediterranean Lingua Franca *Punic * Sened *Vandalic Southern Africa South Africa * ǁXegwi * ǀXam * Seroa Western Africa Ivory Coas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Extinct Languages Of Asia
{{Language Endangerment status This is a list of extinct languages of Asia, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers, and no spoken descendant. There are 114 languages listed. 8 from Central Asia, 21 from East Asia, 9 from North Asia, 14 from South Asia, 26 from Southeast Asia, 36 from West Asia. Central Asia *Scythian languages, other than pre-Ossetic * Hunnic *Xiongnu *Khazarian *Avestan * Bactrian * Orkhon Turkic *Old Uyghur * Khwarezmian * Khorezmian *Karakhanid * Chagatai * Fergana Kipchak language East Asia China * Ba-Shu * Di * Jie * Khitan * Old Yue *Saka (Khotanese and Tumshuqese) * Tangut * Tocharian *Xianbei * Zhang-Zhung Taiwan * Babuza * Basay * Favorlang * Papora-Hoanya * Luilang * Kulun * Pazeh * Siraiya * Taokas Korea * Gaya *Buyeo *Baekje North Asia Siberia * Arin * Assan * Kamassian * Kott * Mator * Pumpokol * Sireniki * Yugh * Yurats South Asia India *Ahom *Andamanese languages ** Aka-Bea ** Aka-Bo **Aka-Cari **Ak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Extinct Languages In Central America And The Caribbean
This is a list of extinct languages of Central America and the Caribbean, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers, and no spoken descendants. There are 14 languages listed, 7 lost in Central America and 7 lost in the Caribbean. Central America Costa Rica * Chorotega El Salvador *Cacaopera Guatemala * Chicomuceltec Honduras *Lenca Nicaragua *Matagalpa *Monimbo *Subtiaba The Caribbean *Ciguayo *Guanahatabey *Island Carib * Macorix (Northern and Southern dialects) * Shebaya *Taíno (Classic Taíno and Ciboney Taíno dialects) * Yao {{Americas topic, List of extinct languages of Central America or Caribbean Extinct languages Extinct languages An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, especially if the language has no living descendants. In contrast, a dead language is one that is no longer the native language of any community, even if it is still in use, li ... Extinct Extinct Central America ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Extinct Languages Of Europe
This is a list of extinct languages of Europe, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant. As the vast majority of Europeans speak Indo-European languages, a result of the westward portion of the prehistoric Indo-European migrations, the bulk of the indigenous languages of Europe became extinct thousands of years ago without leaving any record of their existence as they were superseded by Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Hellenic, and Iranian Indo-European languages. A small minority of these extinct languages, however, survived long enough to be attested. On the other hand, many European Indo-European languages themselves, such as Gothic, have also become extinct. In some cases however, it is not known whether a language has a spoken descendant or not. For example, because of the uncertain origin of the Albanian language—aside from its being an Indo-European language—and because little remains of the ancient ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Extinct Languages Of North America
This is a list of extinct languages of North America, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant, most of them being languages of former Native American tribes. There are 108 languages listed. Canada Indigenous languages European language dialects Pidgin languages Caribbean Indigenous languages Central America Indigenous languages Greenland European language dialects Pidgin languages Mexico Indigenous languages United States Indigenous languages European languages or dialects Creole languages or dialects Pidgin languages Sign languages U.S. Virgin Islands Creole languages United States and Canada Indigenous languages United States and Mexico Indigenous languages See also *List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages *List of extinct languages of South America * Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin References {{Reflist North America Extinct languages An extinct language is a lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Extinct Languages Of South America
This is a partial list of extinct languages of South America, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant. There are 176 languages listed. Argentina * Abipón *Chané * Cacán * Het * All languages of the Charruan family, as Chaná and Güenoa * Henia-Camiare *Huarpe languages: Allentiac and Millcayac * Lule *Ona * Puelche * Tehuelche * Tonocoté Bolivia * Canichana * Cayubaba * Chane * Itene *Saraveca * Sirinó Brazil * Acroá * Arara * Arawá * Aroã * Guana * Kaimbé * Kamakan *Kamba * Kambiwá * Kanoé *Kapinawá * Kariri-Xocó * Maritsauá * Nukuini * Oti * Otuke * Pankararé * Paranawát * Pataxó-Hãhaãi * Potiguara *Puri * Tapeba * Tingui-Boto * Truká * Tukumanféd * Turiwara * Tuxá * Tuxinawa * Uamué * Umotina * Wakoná * Wasu * Wiraféd * Xakriabá * Yabaâna Chile * Kakauhua * Chono *Selk'nam Colombia * Aarufi * Andaqui * Anserma * Arma-Pozo * Atanque * Atunceta * Barbacoas *Calamari *Chibcha * Chitar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extinct Language
An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, especially if the language has no living descendants. In contrast, a dead language is one that is no longer the native language of any community, even if it is still in use, like Latin. A dormant language is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to a particular group. These languages are often undergoing a process of revitalisation. Languages that currently have living native speakers are sometimes called modern languages to contrast them with dead languages, especially in educational contexts. In the modern period, languages have typically become extinct as a result of the process of cultural assimilation leading to language shift, and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favour of a foreign ''lingua franca'', largely those of European countries. As of the 2000s, a total of roughly 7,000 natively spoken languages existed worldwide. Most of these are minor languages in dang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Policy
Language policy is an interdisciplinary academic field. Some scholars such as Joshua Fishman and Ofelia García consider it as part of sociolinguistics. On the other hand, other scholars such as Bernard SpolskyRobert B. Kaplanand Joseph Lo Bianco argue that language policy is a branch of applied linguistics. As a field, language policy used to be known as language planning and is related to other fields such as language ideology, language revitalization, language education, among others. Definitions Language policy has been defined in a number of ways. According to Kaplan and Baldauf (1997), "A language policy is a body of ideas, laws, regulations, rules and practices intended to achieve the planned language change in the societies, group or system" (p. xi). Lo Bianco defines the field as “a situated activity, whose specific history and local circumstances influence what is regarded as a language problem, and whose political dynamics determine which language problems are g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Death
In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker. By extension, language extinction is when the language is no longer known, including by second-language speakers. Other similar terms include linguicide, the death of a language from natural or political causes, and rarely glottophagy, the absorption or replacement of a minor language by a major language. Language death is a process in which the level of a speech community's linguistic competence in their language variety decreases, eventually resulting in no native or fluent speakers of the variety. Language death can affect any language form, including dialects. Language death should not be confused with language attrition (also called language loss), which describes the loss of proficiency in a first language of an individual.Crystal, David (2000) ''Language Death''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 19 In the modern period (–present; following the rise of colonialism), language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lists Of Endangered Languages
Lists of endangered languages are mainly based on the definitions used by UNESCO. In order to be listed, a language must be classified as "endangered" in a cited academic source. Researchers have concluded that in less than one hundred years, almost half of the languages known today will be lost forever. The lists are organized by region. Africa * List of endangered languages in Africa Asia * List of endangered languages in Asia * List of endangered languages in Bangladesh * List of endangered languages in China * List of endangered languages in India * List of endangered languages in Indonesia * List of endangered languages in Nepal Europe * List of endangered languages in Europe * List of endangered languages in Russia North America * List of endangered languages in North America * List of endangered languages in Canada * List of endangered languages in Mexico * List of endangered languages in the United States Central and South America * List of endangered languages in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Revived Languages
A revived language is one that, having experienced near or complete language extinction as either a spoken or written language, has been intentionally revived and has regained some of its former status. The most frequent reason for extinction is the marginalisation of local languages within a wider dominant nation state, which might at times amount to outright political oppression. This process normally works alongside economic and cultural pressures for greater centralisation and assimilation. Once a language has become marginalised in this way, it is often perceived as being "useless" by its remaining speakers, who associate it with low social status and poverty, and consequently fail to pass it on to the next generation. Aboriginal Australian languages A great number of the original more than 250 Aboriginal Australian languages, which include around 800 dialects, have become extinct or nearly extinct since colonization. Since the late 20th century there have been efforts to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
