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List Of European Court Of Justice Rulings
The following is a list of notable judgments of the European Court of Justice. Principles of Union Law Direct effect Treaties, Regulations and Decisions * Van Gend en Loos 26/62 963ECR 1 "The uropean EconomicCommunity constitutes a new legal order of international law for the benefit of which the emberStates have limited their sovereign rights". "The Court ... has the jurisdiction to answer ... questions referred that ... relate to the interpretation of the treaty." * Franz Grad 9/70 970ECR-825 * Commission v Italy 39/72 973ECR 101 * Reyners 2/74 974ECR 631 * Defrenne II 976ECR 455 * Amsterdam Bulb 50/76 977ECR 137 States can provide in national legislation for appropriate sanctions which are not provided for in the regulation, and can continue to regulate various related issues which are not covered in the regulation * Zaera 126/86 987ECR 3697 * Azienda Agricola C-403/98 001ECR I-103 *Steinberg T-17/10 012625 *Sharif University T-181/13 014607 Directives * V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Court Of Justice
The European Court of Justice (ECJ, french: Cour de Justice européenne), formally just the Court of Justice, is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all EU member states under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Court was established in 1952, and is based in Luxembourg. It is composed of one judge per member state – currently – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or fifteen judges. The Court has been led by president Koen Lenaerts since 2015. The ECJ is the highest court of the European Union in matters of Union law, but not national law. It is not possible to appeal against the decisions of national courts in the ECJ, but rather national courts refer questions of EU law to the ECJ. However, it is ultimately for the national court ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Test Achats Vs Council Of Ministers
''Association belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL v Conseil des ministres'' (2011C-236/09is a decision of the European Court of Justice which invalidated a provision of Directive 2004/113/EC of the European Union which permitted the continence of sexual discrimination in the provision of insurance services provided that it was based on "relevant and accurate actuarial and statistical data." The practical result of the decision was the prohibition of sexual discrimination in insurance policies. Facts A Belgian consumer association, Test-Achats, against the Belgian government claiming that the legal measure adopted by the government to transpose the Gender Directive into EU law violated the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The Constitutional Court asked the European Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling on the validity of Article 5(2) of the directive. Judgment On 1 March 2011 the ECJ ruled in favour of Test-Achats that Article 5(2) was in breach of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartel
A cartel is a group of independent market participants who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the market. Cartels are usually associations in the same sphere of business, and thus an alliance of rivals. Most jurisdictions consider it anti-competitive behavior and have outlawed such practices. Cartel behavior includes price fixing, bid rigging, and reductions in output. The doctrine in economics that analyzes cartels is cartel theory. Cartels are distinguished from other forms of collusion or anti-competitive organization such as corporate mergers. Etymology The word ''cartel'' comes from the Italian word '' cartello'', which means a "leaf of paper" or "placard", and is itself derived from the Latin ''charta'' meaning "card". The Italian word became ''cartel'' in Middle French, which was borrowed into English. In English, the word was originally used for a written agreement between warring nations to regulate the treatment and exchange of p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freight Forwarding
A freight forwarder, or forwarding agent, is a person or company who, for a fee organizes shipments for individuals or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution."Freight forwarder." ''Random House Unabridged Dictionary'' (1997). Random House, Inc., on Info, please. Retrieved 21 December 2012. Forwarders contract with a carrier or often multiple carriers to move the goods from one country to another. A forwarder does not move the goods but acts as an expert in the network. The carriers can use a variety of shipping modes, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Freight
Air cargo is any property carried or to be carried in an aircraft. Air cargo comprises air freight, air express and airmail. Aircraft types Different cargo can be transported by passenger, cargo or combi aircraft: * Passenger aircraft use the spare volume in the airplane's baggage hold (the "belly") that is not being used for passenger luggage—a common practice used by passenger airlines, who additionally transport cargo on scheduled passenger flights. Cargo can also be transported in the passenger cabin as hand-carry by an “on-board courier”. This practice can often be used to cross subsidise loss-making passenger routes that would otherwise be uneconomical to operate. A passenger aircraft can also be used as a preighter in which the entire passenger cabin is temporarily dedicated to carrying freight. * Cargo aircraft are dedicated for the job—they carry freight on the main deck and in the belly by means of nose-loading or side loading. * Combi aircraft carry cargo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Article 101 Of The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union
Article often refers to: * Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness * Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication Article may also refer to: Government and law * Article (European Union), articles of treaties of the European Union * Articles of association, the regulations governing a company, used in India, the UK and other countries * Articles of clerkship, the contract accepted to become an articled clerk * Articles of Confederation, the predecessor to the current United States Constitution *Article of Impeachment, a formal document and charge used for impeachment in the United States * Articles of incorporation, for corporations, U.S. equivalent of articles of association * Articles of organization, for limited liability organizations, a U.S. equivalent of articles of association Other uses * Article, an HTML element, delimited by the tags and * Article of clothing, an ite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statute Of The Court Of Justice Of The European Union
The Statute of the Court of Justice of the European UnionC 83/210 contains the main EU law rules on how the Court of Justice of the European Union should function. See also *EU law European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union (EU). Since the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community following World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "promote peace, its val ... External linksStatute of the Court {{law-stub Court of Justice of the European Union ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuel Gas
Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous. Most fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons (such as methane or propane), hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources energy that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes. Fuel gas is contrasted with liquid fuels and from solid fuels, although some fuel gases are Liquefaction of gases, liquefied for storage or transport (for example, autogas). While their gaseous nature has advantages, avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels, it also has limitation. It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and cause gas explosion. For this reason, odorizers are added to most fuel gases. The most common type of fuel gas in current use is natural gas. Types There are two broad classes of fuel gases, based not on their chemical composition, but their source and the way they are produced: those found n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cingia De' Botti
Cingia de' Botti ( Cremunés: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about southeast of Milan and about southeast of Cremona. Cingia de' Botti borders the following municipalities: Ca' d'Andrea, Cella Dati, Derovere, Motta Baluffi, San Martino del Lago, Scandolara Ravara. In a 2005 ruling of the European Court of Justice, the comune's award of a concession contract for public gas Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or ... distribution services was criticised, as the contract had been awarded to a company called ''Padania'' without a competitive procurement process, contrary to EU regulations. Padania was a public-sector company owned by the Province of Cremona and most of the comunes within the province, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Brands Company V Commission Of The European Communities
''United Brands v Commission'' (1976Case 27/76 is an EU competition legal case concerning abuse of a dominant position in a relevant product market. The case involved the infamous "green banana clause". It is one of the most famous cases in European competition law, which seeks to ban cartels, collusion and other anti-competitive practices, and to ban abuse of dominant market positions. Facts United Brands Company (UBC) was the main supplier of bananas in Europe, using mainly the ''Chiquita'' brand. UBC forbade its distributors/ripeners to sell bananas that UBC did not supply. Also, UBC fixed pricing each week; charging a higher price in different Member States, and imposed unfair prices upon customers in Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union, Denmark, The Netherlands and Germany. The Commission viewed United Brands' action as a breach of Article 86 of the Treaty of Rome (now Art 102 of the TFEU). Article 86 prohibits "abuse of a dominant position" of a relevant market. The case was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consten SaRL And Grundig GmbH V Commission
''Consten SaRL and Grundig GmbH v Commission'' (1966Case 56/64is an EU competition law case, concerning vertical anti-competitive agreements. The Treaty provisions * Art 101(1): The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market: all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market. * Art 101(2): Any agreements or decisions prohibited pursuant to this section shall be automatically void. * Art 101(3): ''This subsection gives a list of derogations (or exceptions)''.The relevant articles were originally numbered 85 & 86, then 81 & 82, and finally 101 & 102. Facts Grundig GmbH contracted to distribute its electronic goods in France, and appointed Consten SaRL as its exclusive distributor. Grundig guaranteed that no other wholesaler would be al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Nice
The Treaty of Nice was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. It amended the Maastricht Treaty (or the Treaty on European Union) and the Treaty of Rome (or the Treaty establishing the European Community which, before the Maastricht Treaty, was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community). The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion, a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty, but failed to be addressed at the time. The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time, after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001. This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later. Provisions of the treaty The Nice Treaty was attacked by many people as a flawed compromise. Germany had demanded that its greater population be reflected in a higher vote weighti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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