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Linda (coordination Language)
In computer science, Linda is a coordination model that aids communication in parallel computing environments. Developed by David Gelernter, it is meant to be used alongside a full-fledged computation language like Fortran or C where Linda's role is to "''create'' computational activities and to support communication among them". History David Gelernter wrote the first version of Linda as a Ph.D. candidate in 1979, naming it after Linda Lovelace, who appeared in the pornographic film '' Deep Throat''. At the time, the main language for parallel processing was Ada (named for the unrelated Ada Lovelace), which Gelernter considered an "inelegant and bulky" language. It was widely released in 1986, when Gelernter, along with his Yale colleague Nicholas Carriero and Sudhir Ahuja at AT&T Bell Laboratories, published "Linda and Friends" in an IEEE journal. By the early 1990s, Linda was widely used by corporations to more efficiently conduct big data analyses, including Wall St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multi-paradigm Programming Language
Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of Programming paradigm, paradigms supported. Paradigm summaries A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article. * Concurrent programming language, Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or Futures and promises, futures ** Actor model, Actor programming – concurrent computation with ''actors'' that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour) * Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm) * Dataflow, Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets) * Declarative programming – describes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boeing
The Boeing Company, or simply Boeing (), is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support services. Boeing is among the largest global aerospace manufacturers; it is the fourth-largest defense contractor in the world based on 2022 revenue and is the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value. Boeing was founded by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington, on July 15, 1916. The present corporation is the result of the merger of Boeing with McDonnell Douglas on August 1, 1997. As of 2023, the Boeing Company's corporate headquarters is located in the Crystal City neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia. The company is organized into three primary divisions: Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA), Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS), and Boeing Global Services (BGS). In 2021, Boeing recorded $62.3billion in sales. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flow-based Programming
In computer programming, flow-based programming (FBP) is a programming paradigm that defines application software, applications as networks of black box process (computer science), processes, which exchange data across predefined connections by message passing, where the connections are specified ''externally'' to the processes. These black box processes can be reconnected endlessly to form different applications without having to be changed internally. FBP is thus naturally Software componentry, component-oriented. FBP is a particular form of dataflow programming based on bounded buffers, information packets with defined lifetimes, named ports, and separate definition of connections. Introduction Flow-based programming defines applications using the metaphor of a "data factory". It views an application not as a single, sequential process, which starts at a point in time, and then does one thing at a time until it is finished, but as a network of asynchronous processes communica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ease Programming Language
Ease is a general purpose parallel programming language. It is designed by Steven Ericsson-Zenith, a researcher at Yale University, the Institute for Advanced Science & Engineering in Silicon Valley, California, the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, and the Pierre and Marie Curie University, the science department of the Sorbonne. The book ''Process Interaction Models'' is the Ease language specification. Ease combines the process constructs of communicating sequential processes (CSP) with logically shared data structures called ''contexts''. Contexts are parallel data types that are constructed by processes and provide a way for processes to interact. The language includes two process constructors. A ''cooperation'' includes an explicit barrier synchronization and is written: ::\parallel P() \parallel Q() ; If one process finishes before the other, then it will wait until the other processes are finished. A ''subordination'' creates a process that shares the '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthogonal Technology
In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the geometric notion of ''perpendicularity''. Although many authors use the two terms ''perpendicular'' and ''orthogonal'' interchangeably, the term ''perpendicular'' is more specifically used for lines and planes that intersect to form a right angle, whereas ''orthogonal'' is used in generalizations, such as ''orthogonal vectors'' or ''orthogonal curves''. ''Orthogonality'' is also used with various meanings that are often weakly related or not related at all with the mathematical meanings. Etymology The word comes from the Ancient Greek ('), meaning "upright", and ('), meaning "angle". The Ancient Greek (') and Classical Latin ' originally denoted a rectangle. Later, they came to mean a right triangle. In the 12th century, the post-classical Latin word ''orthogonalis'' came to mean a right angle or something related to a right angle. Mathematics Physics Optics In optics, polarization states are said to be orthog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linda-like Systems
Linda-like systems are parallel and distributed programming models that use unstructured collections of tuples as a communication mechanism between different processes. Examples In addition to proper Linda implementations, these include other systems such as the following: * Intel Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and Delaware General Corporation Law, incorporated in Delaware. Intel designs, manufactures, and sells computer compo ... Concurrent Collections (CnC) is a programming model based on "item collections" which resemble tuple spaces, but are single assignment (tuples may not be removed or replaced). Because of this restriction Concurrent Collections has a deterministic execution semantics, but has difficulties with storage deallocation. References Parallel computing {{computing-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Message Passing Interface
The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a portable message-passing standard designed to function on parallel computing architectures. The MPI standard defines the syntax and semantics of library routines that are useful to a wide range of users writing portable message-passing programs in C, C++, and Fortran. There are several open-source MPI implementations, which fostered the development of a parallel software industry, and encouraged development of portable and scalable large-scale parallel applications. History The message passing interface effort began in the summer of 1991 when a small group of researchers started discussions at a mountain retreat in Austria. Out of that discussion came a Workshop on Standards for Message Passing in a Distributed Memory Environment, held on April 29–30, 1992 in Williamsburg, Virginia. Attendees at Williamsburg discussed the basic features essential to a standard message-passing interface and established a working group to continu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthogonal
In mathematics, orthogonality (mathematics), orthogonality is the generalization of the geometric notion of ''perpendicularity''. Although many authors use the two terms ''perpendicular'' and ''orthogonal'' interchangeably, the term ''perpendicular'' is more specifically used for lines and planes that intersect to form a right angle, whereas ''orthogonal'' is used in generalizations, such as ''orthogonal vectors'' or ''orthogonal curves''. ''Orthogonality'' is also used with various meanings that are often weakly related or not related at all with the mathematical meanings. Etymology The word comes from the Ancient Greek ('), meaning "upright", and ('), meaning "angle". The Ancient Greek (') and Classical Latin ' originally denoted a rectangle. Later, they came to mean a right triangle. In the 12th century, the post-classical Latin word ''orthogonalis'' came to mean a right angle or something related to a right angle. Mathematics Physics Optics In optics, polarization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuple
In mathematics, a tuple is a finite sequence or ''ordered list'' of numbers or, more generally, mathematical objects, which are called the ''elements'' of the tuple. An -tuple is a tuple of elements, where is a non-negative integer. There is only one 0-tuple, called the ''empty tuple''. A 1-tuple and a 2-tuple are commonly called a singleton and an ordered pair, respectively. The term ''"infinite tuple"'' is occasionally used for ''"infinite sequences"''. Tuples are usually written by listing the elements within parentheses "" and separated by commas; for example, denotes a 5-tuple. Other types of brackets are sometimes used, although they may have a different meaning. An -tuple can be formally defined as the image of a function that has the set of the first natural numbers as its domain. Tuples may be also defined from ordered pairs by a recurrence starting from an ordered pair; indeed, an -tuple can be identified with the ordered pair of its first elements and its t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memory Address
In computing, a memory address is a reference to a specific memory location in memory used by both software and hardware. These addresses are fixed-length sequences of digits, typically displayed and handled as unsigned integers. This numerical representation is based on the features of CPU (such as the instruction pointer and incremental address registers). Programming language constructs often treat the memory like an array. Types Physical addresses A digital computer's main memory consists of many memory locations, each identified by a unique physical address (a specific code). The CPU or other devices can use these codes to access the corresponding memory locations. Generally, only system software (such as the BIOS, operating systems, and specialized utility programs like memory testers) directly addresses physical memory using machine code instructions or processor registers. These instructions tell the CPU to interact with a hardware component called the memory c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuple Space
A tuple space is an implementation of the associative memory paradigm for parallel/distributed computing. It provides a repository of tuples that can be accessed concurrently. As an illustrative example, consider that there are a group of processors that produce pieces of data and a group of processors that use the data. Producers post their data as tuples in the space, and the consumers then retrieve data from the space that match a certain pattern. This is also known as the blackboard metaphor. Tuple space may be thought as a form of distributed shared memory. Tuple spaces were the theoretical underpinning of the Linda language developed by David Gelernter and Nicholas Carriero at Yale University in 1986. Implementations of tuple spaces have also been developed for Java ( JavaSpaces), Lisp, Lua, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Tcl, and the .NET Framework. Object Spaces Object Spaces is a paradigm for development of distributed computing applications. It is characteriz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distributed Shared Memory
In computer science, distributed shared memory (DSM) is a form of memory architecture where physically separated memories can be addressed as a single shared address space. The term "shared" does not mean that there is a single centralized memory, but that the address space is shared—i.e., the same physical address on two Processor (computing), processors refers to the same location in memory. Distributed global address space (DGAS), is a similar term for a wide class of software and hardware implementations, in which each node (networking), node of a computer cluster, cluster has access to shared memory architecture, shared memory in addition to each node's private (i.e., not shared) Random-access memory, memory. Overview DSM can be achieved via software as well as hardware. Hardware examples include cache coherence circuits and network interface controllers. There are three ways of implementing DSM: * Page (computer memory), Page-based approach using virtual memory * Sha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
