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Lexovii
The Lexovii (Gaulish: *''Lexsouioi'', 'the leaning, lame'), were a Gallic tribe dwelling immediately west of the mouth of the Seine, around present-day Lisieux, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Lexovii'' (var. ''Lexobii'') and ''Lexovios'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Lēxobíous'' (Ληξοβίους) and ''Lēxooúioi'' (Ληξοούιοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Lexovios'' (var. ''lexobios'', ''lixouios'') by Pliny (1st c. AD), and as ''Lēxoubíōn'' (Ληξουβίων; var. Λειξουβίων) and ''Lēxoúbioi'' (Ληξούβιοι; var. Λιξούβιοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD)., s.v. ''Lexovii.'' The ethnic name ''Lexovii'' is a latinized form of the Gaulish ethnonym *''Lexsouioi'' (sing. ''Lexsouios''), which means 'leaning', possibly 'lame' (cf. Old Irish ''losc'', 'lame'). It is a derivative of the adjective *''leksu''- ('oblique'; cf. Greek λοξός). An exact parallel has been highlighted in the Welsh ''llechwedd'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lisieux
Lisieux () is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is the capital of the Pays d'Auge area, which is characterised by valleys and hedged farmland. Name The name of the town derives from the la, Noviomagus Lexoviorum ("Noviomagus of the Lexovii"). The town was originally known in Celtic as ("New Field", "New Market"), which was Latinized as . Owing to the large number of similarly named cities, however, it was necessary to specify where this one was located. The local French demonym derives from the Latin as well. History Antiquity Lisieux was the capital of the Lexovii. In his work, ''Commentaries on the Gallic War'', Caesar mentions a Gallic ''oppidum'', a term which refers to Celtic towns located on the tops of hills. The oppidum has been pinpointed to a place referred to as ''le Castellier'', located to the southwest of the town. However the Gallo-Roman city was in fact located where Lisieux is to be found today. Midd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viridovix
Viridovix was the chief of Unelli, a Gallic tribe which faced the legions of Julius Caesar at the time of the Roman conquest of Gaul, between 58 and 51 BC. He assumed the command of a Gallic army of Lexovii and Aulerci Eburovices against the legate Quintus Titurius Sabinus, against whom he suffered a defeat in 56 BC. In popular culture One of the main characters of the fantasy novel series ''The Misplaced Legion'' (also known as ''The Videssos Cycle'' or ''The Legion Cycle'') by Harry Turtledove is a Gaulish chief named Viridovix. While he comes from the same time period as the historical Viridovix, he is stated to be Lexovii rather than Unelli, and has other differences in his biography, making it likely that he is a composite character, loosely based on the historical figure. Sources *Commentarii de Bello Gallico ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' (; en, Commentaries on the Gallic War, italic=yes), also ''Bellum Gallicum'' ( en, Gallic War, italic=yes), is Julius Caesar's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unelli
The Venellī or Unellī (Gaulish: *''Uenellī/Wenellī'') were a Gallic tribe dwelling on the Cotentin peninsula, in the northwest of modern Normandy, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. In 57 BC, they capitulated to Caesar's legate Publius Licinius Crassus, but rebelled the following year and sent troops to help the Gallic coalition against Rome during the Battle of Alesia (52 BC). Name They are mentioned as ''V ellos'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Venelli'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Oủenéllōn'' (Οủενέλλων, var. Οủενeλῶν) and ''Oủénelloi'' (Οủένελλοι, var. Οủένελοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Oủenellous'' (Οủενελλους) by Cassius Dio (3rd c. AD)., s.v. ''Venelli'' and ''Unelli''. The etymology of the ethnonym is obscure. It may stem from the Celtic root ('clan, family, lineage'). Geography The pre-Roman chief town of the Venelli was probably the oppidum of , near Montsenelle. During the Roman period, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gauls
The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They spoke Gaulish, a continental Celtic language. The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC as bearers of La Tène culture north and west of the Alps. By the 4th century BC, they were spread over much of what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, by virtue of controlling the trade routes along the river systems of the Rhône, Seine, Rhine, and Danube. They reached the peak of their power in the 3rd century BC. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the Gauls expanded into Northern Italy ( Cisalpine Gaul), leading to the Roman–Gallic wars, and into the Balkans, leading to war with the Greeks. These latter Gauls eventually settled in Anatolia, becoming known as Galatians. After the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quintus Titurius Sabinus
Quintus Titurius Sabinus was one of Caesar's legates during the Gallic Wars. He is first mentioned in Caesar's campaign against the Remi, in 57 BC. In 56 BC, he was sent by Caesar with three legions against the Venelli, Curiosolitae, and Lexovii (in Normandy), who were led by Viridovix. He gained a great victory over Viridovix's forces, and all the insurgent states submitted to his authority. In 54 BC he and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta were stationed for the winter in the territory of the Eburones with a legion and five cohorts. They had not been in the country more than fifteen days before they were attacked by Ambiorix and Cativolcus. Sabinus, showing less resolve than Cotta and trusting himself under Ambiorix's guise of truce and safe passage, evacuated the camp under threat of German attack. As a result, he was massacred along with Cotta and all their troops. Sources * Caes. B. G. ii. 5, iii. 11, 17— 19, v. 24— 37 * Dion Cass.br>xxxix. 45 [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaulish
Gaulish was an ancient Celtic languages, Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine). In a wider sense, it also comprises varieties of Celtic that were spoken across much of central Europe ("Noric language, Noric"), parts of the Balkans, and Anatolia ("Galatian language, Galatian"), which are thought to have been closely related. The more divergent Lepontic language, Lepontic of Northern Italy has also sometimes been subsumed under Gaulish. Together with Lepontic and the Celtiberian language, Celtiberian spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, Gaulish helps form the geographic group of Continental Celtic languages. The precise linguistic relationships among them, as well as between them and the modern Insular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mercury (mythology)
Mercury (; la, Mercurius ) is a major god in Roman religion and mythology, being one of the 12 Dii Consentes within the ancient Roman pantheon. He is the god of financial gain, commerce, eloquence, messages, communication (including divination), travelers, boundaries, luck, trickery, and thieves; he also serves as the guide of souls to the underworld. In Roman mythology, he was considered to be either the son of Maia, one of the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas, and Jupiter, or of Caelus and Dies. In his earliest forms, he appears to have been related to the Etruscan deity Turms; both gods share characteristics with the Greek god Hermes. He is often depicted holding the caduceus in his left hand. Similar to his Greek equivalent Hermes, he was awarded a magic wand by Apollo, which later turned into the caduceus, the staff with intertwined snakes. Etymology The name "Mercury" is possibly related to the Latin words ' ("merchandise"; cf. ''merchant'', ''commerce'', etc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallo-Roman Religion
Gallo-Roman religion is a fusion of the traditional religious practices of the Gauls, who were originally Celtic speakers, and the Roman and Hellenistic religions introduced to the region under Roman Imperial rule. It was the result of selective acculturation. Deities In some cases, Gaulish deity names were used as epithets for Roman deities, and vice versa, as with Lenus Mars or Jupiter Poeninus. In other cases, Roman gods were given Gaulish female partners – for example, Mercury was paired with Rosmerta and Sirona was partnered with Apollo. In at least one case – that of the equine goddess Epona – a native Celtic goddess was also adopted by Romans. The Jupiter Column was a distinctive type of religious monument from Roman Gaul and Germania, combining an equestrian Jupiter overcoming a giant (or sometimes Jupiter enthroned) with panels depicting many other deities. Eastern mystery religions penetrated Gaul early on. These included the cults of Orpheus, Mithras, Cybel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berthouville
Berthouville () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. Population Sights The Manoir de Berthouville is a hunting lodge that was built 1652. It is privately owned. See also *Communes of the Eure department The following is a list of the 585 communes of the Eure department of France. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):Communes of Eure {{Eure-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eburovices
The Eburovīcēs or Aulercī Eburovīcēs (Gaulish: *''Eburouīcēs/Eburowīcēs'', 'those who vanquish by the yew') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the modern Eure department during the Iron Age and the Roman period. They were part of the Aulerci. Name They are mentioned as ''Aulerci Eburovices'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Aulerci qui cognominantur Eburovices'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), and as ''Au̓lírkioioi̔ E̓bourouikoì'' (Αὐλίρκιοιοἱ Ἐβουρουικοὶ) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).Ptolemy. '' Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis'', 2:8:9, s.v. ''Eburovices'' and ''Mediolanum Aulercorum''. The Gaulish ethnonym *''Eburouīcēs/Eburowīcēs'' literally means 'those who vanquish by the yew', probably in reference to the wood used to make their bows or spears. It stems from the root ''eburo-'' (' yew'; cf. OIr. ''ibar'' 'yew', or Middle Welsh ''efwr'' 'cow parsnip, hog-weed') attached to the suffix ''-uices'' ('combatants, victors'). The city of Évreux, attested ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Curiosolitae
The Coriosolites or Curiosolitae were a Gallic people dwelling on the northern coast of present-day Brittany during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Coriosolitas'' (var. ''coriosolitos'', ''curiosolitas'', ''curiosolitas'') and ''Coriosolites'' (var. ''coriosultes'', ''coricoriosuelites'', ''cariosu''-) by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), and as ''Coriosvelites'' by Pliny (1st c. AD).Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia,'' 4:18., s.v. ''Coriosolites''. The etymology of the ethnonym ''Coriosolites'' remains uncertain. The first element is certainly the Gaulish root ''corio-'' ('army, troop'), derived from Proto-Indo-European *''kóryos'' ('army, people under arms'). However, the meaning of the second element is unclear. Pierre-Yves Lambert has proposed to interpret ''corio-solit-es'' as 'those who purchase (or sell) mercenaries', by positing a Gaulish root ''solitu-'' ('purchase/salary of mercenaries'; cf. Gaul. ''soldurio-'' < 'body-guard, loyal, devoted', [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commentarii De Bello Gallico
''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' (; en, Commentaries on the Gallic War, italic=yes), also ''Bellum Gallicum'' ( en, Gallic War, italic=yes), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting the Celtic and Germanic peoples in Gaul that opposed Roman conquest. The "Gaul" that Caesar refers to is ambiguous, as the term had various connotations in Roman writing and discourse during Caesar's time. Generally, Gaul included all of the regions primarily inhabited by Celts, aside from the province of Gallia Narbonensis (modern-day Provence and Languedoc-Roussillon), which had already been conquered in Caesar's time, therefore encompassing the rest of modern France, Belgium, Western Germany, and parts of Switzerland. As the Roman Republic made inroads deeper into Celtic territory and conquered more land, the definition of "Gaul" shifted. Concu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
