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Le Mulâtre
"Le Mulâtre" ("The Mulatto") is a short story by Victor Séjour, a free person of color and Creole of color born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was written in French, Séjour's first language, and published in the Paris abolitionist journal '' Revue des Colonies'' in 1837. It is the earliest extant work of fiction by an African-American author. It was noted as such when it was first translated in English, appearing in the first edition of the '' Norton Anthology of African American Literature'' in 1997. Before the importance of French literature by writers of color from New Orleans was recognized, histories of African-American fiction had conventionally begun with "The Heroic Slave" by Frederick Douglass in 1852, and "The Two Offers" by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper in 1859 had been considered the first African-American short story. French-language literature flourished from the late 18th and into the early 20th century in Louisiana, and the francophone literary communi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victor Séjour
Juan Victor Séjour Marcou et Ferrand (June 2, 1817 – September 20, 1874) was an American Creole of color and expatriate writer. Born in New Orleans, he spent most of his career in Paris. His fiction and plays were written and published in French. Although mostly unknown to later American writers of the nineteenth century, his short story ''"Le Mulâtre"'' ("The Mulatto") is the earliest known work of fiction by an African American author.Victor Séjour, Philip Barnard (translator). "The Mulatto." In Nellie Y. McKay and Henry Louis Gates (eds), ''The Norton Anthology of African American Literature'', Second edition, Norton, 2004. In France, however, he was known chiefly for his plays. Biography Juan Victor Séjour was born on June 2, 1817, in New Orleans to François Marcou, a free man of color from Saint-Domingue (today's Haiti), and Eloisa Philippe Ferrand, a New Orleans-born quadroon. His parents were wealthy and had him educated in a private school. There were no public s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (September 24, 1825 – February 22, 1911) was an American Abolitionism in the United States, abolitionist, suffragist, poet, Temperance movement, temperance activist, teacher, public speaker, and writer. Beginning in 1845, she was one of the first African-American women to be published in the United States. Born free in Baltimore, Maryland, Harper had a long and prolific career, publishing her first book of poetry at the age of 20. At 67, she published her widely praised novel ''Iola Leroy'' (1892), placing her among the first Black women to publish a novel. As a young woman in 1850, she taught domestic science at Union Seminary in Columbus, Ohio, a school affiliated with the AME Church. In 1851, while living with the family of William Still, a clerk at the Pennsylvania Abolition Society who helped refugee slaves make their way along the Underground Railroad, Harper started to write anti-slavery literature. After joining the American Anti-Slavery Socie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saint Domingue
Saint-Domingue () was a French colonization of the Americas, French colony in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti, from 1659 to 1804. The name derives from the Spanish main city in the island, Santo Domingo, which came to refer specifically to the Spanish-held Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, now the Dominican Republic. The borders between the two were fluid and changed over time until they were finally solidified in the Dominican War of Independence in 1844. The French had established themselves on the western portion of the islands of Hispaniola and Tortuga (Haiti), Tortuga by 1659. In the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, Spain formally recognized French control of Tortuga Island and the western third of the island of Hispaniola. In 1791, slaves and some Saint Dominicans, Dominican Creoles took part in the Haitian Vodou, Vodou ceremony Bois Caïman and planned the Haitian Revolution. The slave rebellion later allied with Frenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrea Lee (author)
Andrea Lee (born 1953) is an American-born author of novels, short fiction, and memoirs. Her stories are often international in setting and explore questions of race and culture, as well as ideas surrounding national identity and foreignness. Early life Andrea Lee was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1953, as the youngest of three children in a middle-class family; her father was a Baptist minister and her mother was an elementary school teacher. Lee was born into an African American family, but quickly became surrounded by many white people which influenced her view of herself and later shaped her works. Lee was educated at the privateRobert Fikes"Lee, Andrea (1953– )" BlackPast,org. Baldwin School in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, Bryn Mawr. After earning a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in English from Harvard University's Radcliffe College, Lee pursued her dream to live in Europe and moved to Russia for a year (1978–79) with her first husband. She lived in the So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyrille Bissette By François Le Villain
Cyrille is both a French masculine given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: People with the given name * Cyrille Adoula (1921–1978), Congolese politician who served as Premier of the Republic of the Congo (1961–1964) * Cyrille Aimée (born 1984), French jazz singer * Cyrille Beaudry (1835–1904), Canadian priest and educator * Cyrille Florent Bella (born 1975), Cameroonian football player (senior career from 1998) who was a member of the Cameroonian national team (1997 and 2003) * Cyrille Carré (born 1984), French Olympic canoeist and 2007 ICF Canoe Sprint World Champion in the K-2 1000 m event * Cyrille-Hector-Octave Côté (1809–1850), physician who served in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada and went on to be ordained as a Baptist minister * Cyrille Courtin (born 1971), French football player (senior career 1989–2003) * Cyrille-Fraser Delâge (1869–1957), Canadian notary and political figure who served in the Legi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Persons Of Color
In the context of the history of slavery in the Americas, free people of color (French: ''gens de couleur libres''; Spanish: ''gente de color libre'') were primarily people of mixed African, European, and Native American descent who were not enslaved. However, the term also applied to people born free who were primarily of black African descent with little mixture. They were a distinct group of free people of color in the French colonies, including Louisiana and in settlements on Caribbean islands, such as Saint-Domingue (Haiti), St. Lucia, Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. In these territories and major cities, particularly New Orleans, and those cities held by the Spanish, a substantial third class of primarily mixed-race, free people developed. These colonial societies classified mixed-race people in a variety of ways, generally related to visible features and to the proportion of African ancestry. Racial classifications were numerous in Latin America. A freed Afr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyril Bissette
Cyrille Bissette (1795–1858) was a French abolitionist, politician and publisher. A free person of color (''homme de couleur'') from Martinique, his radical activities and publications galvanized the abolition movement in France and its colonies.Shirley Elizabeth Thompson, ''Exiles at Home: The Struggle to Become American in Creole New Orleans'' (Harvard University Press, 2009), p. 153; Carolyn Vellenga Berman, ''Creole Crossings: Domestic Fiction and the Reform of Colonial Slavery'' (Cornell University Press, 2006), p. 111. He represented Martinique in the French National Assembly from 1848 to 1851. Life Bissette was born 9 July 1795 in Fort Royal (now Fort-de-France), Martinique. In the racial categorization of the time, he was considered a mulatto. He was said to be related to Josephine, the wife of Napoleon I. Sources vary on the exact family relationship: he may have been the child of an illegitimate son of Joseph Tascher de la Pagerie, Josephine's father, or his mother may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slavery In The United States
The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Slavery was established throughout European colonization in the Americas. From 1526, during early colonial days, it was practiced in what became Britain's colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies that formed the United States. Under the law, an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. Slavery lasted in about half of U.S. states until abolition. In the decades after the end of Reconstruction, many of slavery's economic and social functions were continued through segregation, sharecropping, and convict leasing. By the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), the status of enslaved people had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry. During and immediately ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mulatto
(, ) is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Spanish and Portuguese is not, and can even be a source of pride. A () is a female ''mulatto''. Etymology The English term and spelling ''mulatto'' is derived from the Spanish and Portuguese . It was a common term in the Southeastern United States during the era of slavery. Some sources suggest that it may derive from the Portuguese word (from the Latin ), meaning ' mule', the hybrid offspring of a horse and a donkey. The Real Academia Española traces its origin to in the sense of hybridity; originally used to refer to any mixed race person. The term is now generally considered outdated and offensive in non-Spanish and non-Portuguese speaking countries, and was considered offensive even in the 19th century. Jack D. Forbes suggests it originated in the Arabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gothic Literature
Gothic fiction, sometimes called Gothic horror in the 20th century, is a loose literary aesthetic of fear and haunting. The name is a reference to Gothic architecture of the European Middle Ages, which was characteristic of the settings of early Gothic novels. The first work to call itself Gothic was Horace Walpole's 1764 novel ''The Castle of Otranto'', later subtitled "A Gothic Story". Subsequent 18th century contributors included Clara Reeve, Ann Radcliffe, William Thomas Beckford, and Matthew Lewis. The Gothic influence continued into the early 19th century, works by the Romantic poets, and novelists such as Mary Shelley, Charles Maturin, Walter Scott and E. T. A. Hoffmann frequently drew upon gothic motifs in their works. The early Victorian period continued the use of gothic, in novels by Charles Dickens and the Brontë sisters, as well as works by the American writers Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Later prominent works were ''Dracula'' by Bram Stoker, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Theatre
This article is an overview of the theatre of France. Historic overview Secular French theatre Discussions about the origins of non-religious theatre ("théâtre profane") -- both drama and farce—in the Middle Ages remain controversial, but the idea of a continuous popular tradition stemming from Latin comedy and tragedy to the 9th century seems unlikely. Most historians place the origin of medieval drama in the church's liturgical dialogues and "tropes". At first simply dramatizations of the ritual, particularly in those rituals connected with Christmas and Easter (see ''Mystery play''), plays were eventually transferred from the monastery church to the chapter house or refectory hall and finally to the open air, and the vernacular was substituted for Latin. In the 12th century one finds the earliest extant passages in French appearing as refrains inserted into liturgical dramas in Latin, such as a Saint Nicholas (patron saint of the student clercs) play and a Saint Stephe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Literature
American literature is literature written or produced in the United States of America and in the colonies that preceded it. The American literary tradition thus is part of the broader tradition of English-language literature, but also includes literature of other traditions produced in the United States and in other immigrant languages. Furthermore, a rich tradition of oral storytelling exists amongst Native American tribes. The American Revolutionary Period (1775–1783) is notable for the political writings of Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. An early novel is William Hill Brown's ''The Power of Sympathy'' published in 1791. Writer and critic John Neal in the early-mid nineteenth century helped advance America's progress toward a unique literature and culture, by criticizing predecessors like Washington Irving for imitating their British counterparts and influencing others like Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe took American p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
