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Laurel Incident
The ''Laurel'' incident occurred when the United States intercepted a letter of congratulation from Spain's Foreign Ministry to Filipino President José Laurel about the puppet government Second Philippine Republic on 18 October 1943. While the Francoist State intended the message as a polite response to a message of friendship sent by Laurel, the United States government interpreted the message as Spanish recognition of the new government. Other Axis countries also disseminated the message as a sign of support from Spain. While Spain maintained a close relationship with the Axis powers, Spain also maintained diplomatic and trade relations with the United States. Spain was dependent on imports of oil and grain, and many in the US had long pushed for a stronger stand against Spain. The Laurel telegram became an important cause in both the press and the U.S. Congress. Spain was a major producer of tungsten, a crucial material to Germany's war effort. The United States had launche ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jose P
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods. * Jose ben Abin * Jose ben Akabya *Jose the Galilean *Jose ben Halafta *Jose ben Jochanan *Jose ben Joezer Jose ben Joezer (also spelt Yose ben Yoezer) was a rabbi of the early Maccabean period, possibly a disciple of Antigonus of Soko and member of the ascetic group known as the Hasidæans, though neither is certain. He belonged to a priestly family. ... of Zeredah * Jose ben Saul Given name Male * Jose (actor), Indian actor * Jose C. Abriol (1918–2003), Filipino priest * Jose Advincula (born 1952), Filipino Catholic Archbishop * Jose Agerre (1889–1962), Spanish writer * Jose Vasquez Aguilar (1900–1980), Filipino educator * Jose Rene Almendras (born 1960), Filipino businessman * Jose T. Almonte (born 1931), Filipino military personnel * Jose Roberto Antonio (born 1977), Filipin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spain In World War II
During World War II, the Spanish State under Francisco Franco espoused neutrality as its official wartime policy. This neutrality wavered at times and "strict neutrality" gave way to "non-belligerence" after the Fall of France in June 1940. Franco wrote to Adolf Hitler offering to join the war on 19 June 1940 in exchange for help building Spain's colonial empire. Later the same year Franco met with Hitler in Hendaye to discuss Spain's possible accession to the Axis Powers. The only result of the meeting was the signing of a secret agreement under which Franco was committed to entering the war at a date of his own choosing, while Hitler gave only vague guarantees that Spain would receive "territories in Africa". Franco did help the Axis—whose members Italy and Germany had supported him during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)—in various ways. Despite ideological sympathy, Franco later stationed field armies in the Pyrenees to deter Axis occupation of the Iberian Penins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplomatic Crises Of The 20th Century
Diplomatics (in American English, and in most anglophone countries), or diplomatic (in British English), is a scholarly discipline centred on the critical analysis of documents: especially, historical documents. It focuses on the conventions, protocols and formulae that have been used by document creators, and uses these to increase understanding of the processes of document creation, of information transmission, and of the relationships between the facts which the documents purport to record and reality. The discipline originally evolved as a tool for studying and determining the authenticity of the official charters and diplomas issued by royal and papal chanceries. It was subsequently appreciated that many of the same underlying principles could be applied to other types of official document and legal instrument, to non-official documents such as private letters, and, most recently, to the metadata of electronic records. Diplomatics is one of the auxiliary sciences of histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippines–Spain Relations
The Philippines–Spain relations describes the relations between the Philippines and Spain. The relations between the two nations span from the 16th century, the Philippines was the lone colony of the Spanish Empire in Asia for more than three centuries. Both nations are members of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language and the United Nations. History Precedents Even before the formal colonization of the Philippines by Spain, on the islands there were already Muslims and Moors who had escaped from the recently overthrown Emirate of Granada. As Muslim Castilian speakers were recorded to have been in the area as they spread throughout the Muslim world even as far as Islamic Manila, one of them was a man named Pazeculan This Castilian speaking Moor was in the service of the Rajah of Manila and Admiral of the Brunei Sultanate, Rajah Matanda, when he encountered the Magellan expedition. Spanish colonization of the Philippines Spain and the Philippines share a common h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1943 In The Philippines
1943 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1943. Incumbents Philippine Commonwealth * President: Manuel Quezon ( Nacionalista Party) * Vice President: Sergio Osmeña ( Nacionalista Party) * Chief Justice: José Yulo * Philippine National Assembly: National Assembly Second Philippine Republic *President: José P. Laurel ''(starting October 14)'' *Prime Minister: Jorge B. Vargas ''(starting October 14)'' *Vice President: Benigno Aquino, Sr. ''(starting October 14)'' *Chief Justice: José Yulo Events May * May 6 – Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo visits the Philippines. A ceremony is held in Luneta in thanksgiving to the great Japanese Empire. * May 28 – Shigenori Kuroda appointed as Japanese Military Governor (1942–1943) June * June 20 – Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo nominates an all Filipino 20 member Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence. September * September 4 – The Philippine Preparatory C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spain–United States Relations
The troubled history of Spanish–American relations has been seen as one of "love and hate". The groundwork was laid by the colonization of parts of the Americas by Spain before 1700. The Spaniards were the first Europeans to establish a permanent settlement in what is now United States territory. The first settlement in modern-day United States territory was San Juan, Puerto Rico, founded in 1521 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon. 35 years later, Spanish admiral Pedro Menendez de Aviles founded the city of St Augustine, Spanish Florida (the earliest settlement in the continental United States), which became a small outpost that never grew very large. More permanent, much larger colonies were established in New Mexico and California, with a few in Texas and Arizona, forming part of the colonial history of the United States. Although the Spanish elements in the history of the United States were mostly ignored by American historians in the decades after independence, the conc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1943 In International Relations
Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 – WWII: Greek-Polish athlete and saboteur Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz is executed by the Germans at Kaisariani. * January 11 ** The United States and United Kingdom revise previously unequal treaty relationships with the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China. ** Italian-American anarchist Carlo Tresca is assassinated in New York City. * January 13 – Anti-Nazi protests in Sofia result in 200 arrests and 36 executions. * January 14 – January 24, 24 – WWII: Casablanca Conference: Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; and Generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud of the Free French forces meet secretly at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, to plan the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1943 In Spain
Events in the year 1943 in Spain. Incumbents *Caudillo: Francisco Franco Events * 14 April: Museum of the History of Barcelona was established Births *April 24 – Andrés Gandarias, road bicycle racer (died 2018) *June 29 – Antoni Torres, footballer (died 2003) *August 5 – José Evangelista, composer (died 2023) *December 15 – Anna Balletbó i Puig, journalist and politician Deaths * April 16 – Carlos Arniches, Spanish playwright (b. 1866) * July 6 – Nazaria Ignacia March Mesa, Spanish-born Roman Catholic religious sister, canonized (b. 1889) * July 20 – Maria Gay, Spanish opera singer (b. 1879) *July 21 – José Jurado de la Parra, Spanish journalist, poet and playwright (b. 1856) See also *List of Spanish films of the 1940s References Years of the 20th century in Spain 1940s in Spain Spain Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1943 In The United States
Events from the year 1943 in the United States. Incumbents Federal Government * President: Franklin D. Roosevelt ( D-New York) * Vice President: Henry A. Wallace ( D-Iowa) * Chief Justice: Harlan F. Stone (New York) * Speaker of the House of Representatives: Sam Rayburn ( D-Texas) * Senate Majority Leader: Alben W. Barkley ( D-Kentucky) * Congress: 77th (until January 3), 78th (starting January 3) Events January * January 1 – Project Y, the Manhattan Project's secret laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, for development and production of the first atomic bombs under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer, begins operations. * January 4 – Culbert Olson, 29th Governor of California, is succeeded by Earl Warren. * January 11 – The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China. * January 14 ** The Casablanca Conference, where Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to travel by airplane while in of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1943 In Europe
Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 – WWII: Greek-Polish athlete and saboteur Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz is executed by the Germans at Kaisariani. * January 11 ** The United States and United Kingdom revise previously unequal treaty relationships with the Republic of China. ** Italian-American anarchist Carlo Tresca is assassinated in New York City. * January 13 – Anti-Nazi protests in Sofia result in 200 arrests and 36 executions. * January 14 – 24 – WWII: Casablanca Conference: Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; and Generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud of the Free French forces meet secretly at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, to plan the Allies of World War II, Allied European str ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States In World War II
{{Disambiguation ...
The United States participated in World War II in different ways: *United States home front during World War II *Military history of the United States during World War II See also *United States non-interventionism before entering World War II United States non-interventionism primarily refers to the foreign policy that was eventually applied by the United States between the late 18th century and the first half of the 20th century whereby it sought to avoid alliances with other nations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolfram Crisis
The Wolfram Crisis (Spanish: ''Crisis del wolframio'') was a diplomatic conflict during World War II between Francoist Spain and the Allies of World War II, Allied powers, which sought to block Spanish exports of Tungsten, tungsten ore to Nazi Germany. "Wolfram" is an alternate name for tungsten, a strategic material used in Anti-tank warfare, anti-tank weapons and machine tools. Most of the wolframite mines in Europe, such as the Barruecopardo mine, are in northwestern Spain and northern Portugal. The high demand for this scarce strategic mineral in war time had created a Economic bubble, bubble in prices, with the otherwise desolate post-Spanish Civil War, Civil War Spanish economy heftily profiting from it, as its income from tungsten exports had increased from £73,000 in 1940 to £15.7 million in 1943. Tungsten exports accounted for nearly 1% of the Spanish GDP and 20% of its exports by 1943–44. On 18 November 1943, the United States Ambassador to Spain delivered a memorandu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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