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Landkreis Kreuzburg O.S.
Landkreis Kreuzburg O.S. was a Prussian district in Silesia, from 1742 to 1945, with its capital at Kreuzburg O.S. (Kluczbork). Today, the region is part of the Polish Opole Voivodeship. History In the course of the Stein-Hardenberg Reforms, the district of Kreuzburg in the Province of Silesia was initially assigned to Regierungsbezirk Breslau, but then on May 1, 1820, it was reclassified to Regierungsbezirk Oppeln. Since then, the district has been considered part of Upper Silesia. The district capital was changed to Konstadt (Wołczyn), but was moved back to Kreuzburg on January 1, 1880. The spelling of the name of the city and the district fluctuated between Creutzburg, Creuzburg and Kreuzburg. The city and district name was officially set to Kreuzburg in Oberschlesien on September 23, 1881. Later, the abbreviation Kreuzburg OS was adopted. On November 8, 1919, the Province of Silesia was divided into the Province of Lower Silesia (Regierungsbezirke Liegnitz and Breslau) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Districts Of Prussia
Prussian districts (german: Kreise, literally "circles") were administrative units in the former Kingdom of Prussia, part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918, and its successor state, the Free State of Prussia, similar to a county or a shire. They were established in the course of the Stein-Hardenberg Reforms from 1815 to 1818 at an intermediate level, between the higher provinces and the government districts (''Regierungsbezirke''), and the lower municipal governments ('' Gemeinden''). Then part of a modern and highly effective public administration structure, they served as a model for the present-day districts of Germany In the aftermath of World War I, the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy (Belgium) were annexed by Belgium in 1925, thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority. Administration After the Napoleonic Wars and the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Prussian lands were re-arranged into ten provinces, three of them—East Prussia, West Prussia and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Prisoner-of-war Camps In World War II
Nazi Germany operated around 1,000 prisoner-of-war camps (german: Kriegsgefangenenlager) during World War II (1939-1945). Germany had signed the Third Geneva Convention of 1929, which established provisions relating to the treatment of prisoners of war. * Article 10 required that PoWs should be lodged in adequately heated and lighted buildings where conditions were the same as for German troops. * Articles 27-32 detailed the conditions of labour. Enlisted ranks were required to perform whatever labour they were asked if able to do, so long as it was not dangerous and did not support the German war-effort. Senior Non-commissioned officers (sergeants and above) were required to work only in a supervisory role. Commissioned officers were not required to work, although they could volunteer. The work performed was largely agricultural or industrial, ranging from coal- or potash-mining, stone quarrying, or work in saw mills, breweries, factories, railroad yards, and forests. PoWs hire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1742 Establishments In Prussia
Year 174 ( CLXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 927 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 174 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Empress Faustina the Younger accompanies her husband, Marcus Aurelius, on various military campaigns and enjoys the love of the Roman soldiers. Aurelius gives her the title of ''Mater Castrorum'' ("Mother of the Camp"). * Marcus Aurelius officially confers the title ''Fulminata'' ("Thundering") to the Legio XII Fulminata. Asia * Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India. By topic Art and Science * ''Meditations'' by Marcus Aurelius is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kluczbork County
__NOTOC__ Kluczbork County ( pl, powiat kluczborski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( powiat) in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kluczbork, which lies north-east of the regional capital Opole. The county also contains the towns of Wołczyn, lying west of Kluczbork, and Byczyna, north of Kluczbork. The county covers an area of . As of 2019 its total population is 65,644, out of which the population of Kluczbork is 23,554, that of Wołczyn is 5,907, that of Byczyna is 3,582, and the rural population is 32,601. Neighbouring counties Kluczbork County is bordered by Kępno County and Wieruszów County to the north, Olesno County to the south-east, Opole County to the south, and Namysłów County to the west. Administrative division The county is subdivided into four gmina The gmina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wierzbica Górna
Wierzbica Górna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wołczyn, within Kluczbork County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately west of Wołczyn, west of Kluczbork, and north of the regional capital Opole. In 1945–1954 it was the seat of the rural administrative district of Wierzbica Górna. In 1975–1998 it administratively belonged to the province of Opole. Belonging to Wierzbica Górna are the rural hamlets Międzybrodzie and Leśnicówka (Wałda) along with settlements Cegielnia ('brickyard') and Kołaczek ('circular wedding bread'). For the history of the region, see Upper Silesia. Name history In 1295 the Latin Chronicle ''Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis'' (English: The Book of the Salaries of the Bishops of Wrocław) lists the town in the Latin as in the passage . It also gives the name as indicating that it was named according to Polish law. The geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland issu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Łowkowice, Kluczbork County
Łowkowice (german: Lowkowitz, 1936-45: Bienendorf) is a village in Kluczbork County in Opole Voivodeship, Poland. It lies approximately north of Kluczbork and north-east of the regional capital Opole. History While part of the Prussian Province of Silesia as ''Lowkowitz'', the village was the place of birth and death of the apiarist Jan Dzierżon (1811–1906), the discoverer of parthenogenesis among bees. In 1936, Nazi Germany renamed the village ''Bienendorf'' (German for "Bee Village") in Dzierżon's honor and kept the name until 1945.Niemcy "przechrzcili” miejscowość znaną pod polską nazwą w całym świecie (Łowkowice = Bienendorf). Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 8 X 1936, nr 280. The village was placed under Polish administration following World War II and renamed to the traditional Polish name ''Łowkowice''; Poland also claimed Dzierżon as their own and named nearby Rychbach ''Dzierżoniów Dzierżoniów (; szl, Rychbach; german: Reichenbach im Eulengebirg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wierzbica Dolna
Wierzbica Dolna (German: ''Deutsch Würbitz'', 1936–1945 ''Niederweiden O.S.'') is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wołczyn, within Kluczbork County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Geography Wierzbica Dolna is located in the northwestern part of Upper Silesia. The village of Wierzbica Dolna is about 8 km northwest of the municipality seat Wołczyn, 21 km northwest of the district town of Kluczbork and 53 kilometers north of the voivodeship capital Opole. History The village belonged to Germany until 1945. At the end of World War II, it fell under Polish administration and was renamed ''Wierzbica Dolna.'' In 1950 it was incorporated into the Opole Voivodeship. In 1999, Wierzbica Dolna became part of the newly founded Kluczbork County __NOTOC__ Kluczbork County ( pl, powiat kluczborski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanisation Of Poles During The Partitions
After partitioning Poland at the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Prussia and later the German Empire imposed a number of Germanisation policies and measures in the newly gained territories, aimed at limiting the Polish ethnic presence and culture in these areas. This process continued through its various stages until the end of World War I, when most of the territories became part of the Second Polish Republic, which largely limited the capacity of further Germanisation efforts of the Weimar Republic until the later Nazi occupation. The genocidal policies of Nazi-Germany against ethnic Poles between 1939 and 1945 can be understood as a continuation of previous Germanization processes. Until the Unification of Germany Following the partitions, the previous Germanisation attempts pursued by Frederick the Great in largely Roman Catholic and formerly Austrian Silesia were naturally extended to encompass the newly gained Polish territories. The Prussian authorities started ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judaism
Judaism ( he, ''Yahăḏūṯ'') is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. It has its roots as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Modern Judaism evolved from Yahwism, the religion of ancient Israel and Judah, by the late 6th century BCE, and is thus considered to be one of the oldest monotheistic religions. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Israelites, their ancestors. It encompasses a wide body of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. The Torah, as it is commonly understood by Jews, is part of the larger text known as the ''Tanakh''. The ''Tanakh'' is also known to secular scholars of religion as the Hebrew Bible, and to Christians as the " Old Testament". The Torah's supplemental oral tradition is represented by later texts s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization.O'Collins, p. v (preface). The church consists of 24 ''sui iuris'' churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state. The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to be growing errors, abuses, and discrepancies within it. Protestantism emphasizes the Christian believer's justification by God in faith alone (') rather than by a combination of faith with good works as in Catholicism; the teaching that salvation comes by divine grace or "unmerited favor" only ('); the priesthood of all faithful believers in the Church; and the ''sola scriptura'' ("scripture alone") that posits the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice. Most Protestants, with the exception of Anglo-Papalism, reject the Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy, but disagree among themselves regarding the number of sacraments, the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and matters of ecclesiast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic ( pl, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989 as the predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second-most populous communist and Eastern Bloc country in Europe. It was also one of the main signatories of the Warsaw Pact alliance. The largest city and official capital since 1947 was Warsaw, followed by the industrial city of Łódź and cultural city of Kraków. The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west. The Polish People's Republic was a socialist one-party state, with a unitary Marxist–Leninist government headed by the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). The country's official name was the "Republic of Poland" (') between 1947 and 1952 in accordance with the transitional Small Constitutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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