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Land Mobile Radio Service
Land mobile service (short: LMS) is – in line to ITU Radio Regulations – a mobile service between base stations and land mobile stations, or between land mobile stations. In accordance with ''ITU Radio Regulations'' (article 1) variations of this ''radiocommunication service'' are classified as follows: Mobile service (article 1.24) *Land mobile service (article 1.26) **Land mobile-satellite service (article 1.27) Frequency allocation The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to ''Article 5'' of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012). In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared. *primary allocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters *secondary alloca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2006-0199, Reichswehr, Nachrichtenwagen
The German Federal Archives or Bundesarchiv (BArch) (german: Bundesarchiv) are the National Archives of Germany. They were established at the current location in Koblenz in 1952. They are subordinated to the Federal Commissioner for Culture and the Media ( Claudia Roth since 2021) under the German Chancellery, and before 1998, to the Federal Ministry of the Interior. On 6 December 2008, the Archives donated 100,000 photos to the public, by making them accessible via Wikimedia Commons. History The federal archive for institutions and authorities in Germany, the first precursor to the present-day Federal Archives, was established in Potsdam, Brandenburg in 1919, a later date than in other European countries. This national archive documented German government dating from the founding of the North German Confederation in 1867. It also included material from the older German Confederation and the Imperial Chamber Court. The oldest documents in this collection dated back to the year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ITU Radio Regulations
The ITU Radio Regulations (short: RR) is a basic document of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that regulates on law of nations scale radiocommunication services and the utilisation of radio frequencies. It is the supplementation to the ITU Constitution and Convention and in line with the ITU International Telecommunication Regulations (ITR). The ITU RR comprise and regulate the part of the allocated electromagnetic spectrum (also: radio frequency spectrum) from 9 kHz to 275 GHz. Structure The current approved version of the ITU Radio Regulations (addition 2012) is structured as follows: Volume 1 – Articles * CHAPTER I – Terminology and technical characteristics **Section I – General terms (article 1.1-1.15) **Section II – Specific terms related to frequency management (article 1.16-1.18) **Section III – Radiocommunication services (article 1.19-1.60) **Section IV – Radio stations and systems (article 1.61-1.115) **Section V – Operationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiocommunication Service
Radio communication service or radiocommunication service is according to Article 1.19 of the International Telecommunication Union's Radio Regulations (ITU RR),ITU Radio Regulations, Section III – Radio services, Article 1.19, definition: Radiocommunication service defined as “a service…involving the transmission, emission and/or reception of radio waves for specific telecommunication purposes”. Radiocommunication Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmit ... is sub-divided into space and terrestrial radiocommunication. Space radiocommunication is defined in RR Article 1 as “any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space”. Terrestrial radiocommunication is defined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobile Service
Mobile service is – in line to ITU Radio Regulations – a radiocommunication service between mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations (CV). Classification In accordance with ''ITU Radio Regulations'' (article 1) variations of this ''radiocommunication service'' are classified as follows: ;Mobile service: *Mobile-satellite service (article 1.25) *Land mobile service (article 1.26) **Land mobile-satellite service (article 1.27) *Maritime mobile service (article 1.28) **Maritime mobile-satellite service (article 1.29) ** Port operations service (article 1.30) ** Ship movement service (article 1.31) *Aeronautical mobile service (article 1.32) ** Aeronautical mobile (R)° service (article 1.33) ** Aeronautical mobile (OR)°° service (article 1.33) **Aeronautical mobile-satellite service (article 1.35) *** Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R)° service (article 1.36) *** Aeronautical mobile-satellite (OR)°° service (article 1.37) (R)° = abbreviation to route flights (rout ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Mobile-satellite Service
Land mobile-satellite service (short: LMSS; also: Land mobile-satellite radiocommunication service') is – according to ''Article 1.27'' of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as ''«A mobile-satellite service in which mobile earth stations are located on land.»'' ;See also: Classification Variations of this radiocommunication service in line to the ITU Radio Regulations article 1 are as follows : Mobile service (article 1.24) *Mobile-satellite service Mobile-satellite service (MSS, or mobile-satellite radiocommunication service) is – according to Article 1.25 of the International Telecommunication Union's Radio Regulations – "A radiocommunication service * between mobile earth stations and ... (article 1.25) **Land mobile-satellite service (article 1.27) Frequency allocation The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to ''Article 5'' of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).''ITU Radio Regulations, CH ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NJFA
__NOTOC__ NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement (NJFA) and is the universal NATO common civil/military treaty to regulate the military access to the radio frequency spectrum in the range of 14 kHz to 100 GHz in peacetime, during exercises, in times of crisis, and in military operations. This document has been the basis for the frequency utilisation in NATO-Europe since 1982. Nations and organisations, e.g. partnership for peace countries, are invited to participate as deemed to be necessary. The national representatives of the frequency sovereignty agree unanimous to changes of the NJFA, in line to decisions of World Radiocommunication Conferences, operational requirement of the armed forces, and technical developments. However, the provision of "Article 38 of the International Telecommunication Convention, Nairobi 1982" remains untouched.International Telecommunication Convention, Nairobi 1982; § 163, 1. The member countries contain full sovereignty pertaining m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Mobile Radio System
A land mobile radio system (LMRS) is a person-to-person voice communication system consisting of two-way radio transceivers (an audio transmitter and receiver in one unit) which can be stationary ( base station units), mobile (installed in vehicles), or portable (handheld walkie-talkies). Public land mobile radio systems are made for use exclusively by public safety organizations such as police, fire, and ambulance services, and other governmental organizations, and use special frequencies reserved for these services. Private land mobile radio systems are designed for private commercial use, by firms such as taxis or delivery services. Most systems are half-duplex, with multiple radios sharing a single radio channel, so only one radio can transmit at a time. The transceiver is normally in receiving mode so the user can hear other radios on the channel; to talk, the user presses a push to talk button that turns on the transmitter mode of the transceiver. Land mobile radio systems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SCADA
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture comprising computers, networked data communications and graphical user interfaces for high-level supervision of machines and processes. It also covers sensors and other devices, such as programmable logic controllers, which interface with process plant or machinery. Explanation The operator interfaces which enable monitoring and the issuing of process commands, like controller set point changes, are handled through the SCADA computer system. The subordinated operations, e.g. the real-time control logic or controller calculations, are performed by networked modules connected to the field sensors and actuators. The SCADA concept was developed to be a universal means of remote-access to a variety of local control modules, which could be from different manufacturers and allowing access through standard automation protocols. In practice, large SCADA systems have grown to become very similar to distr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Radio Service
In the United States, the business band is the colloquial name used by radio users who utilize, and scanner hobbyists who listen to, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Industrial/Business pool frequencies. The regulations listing frequencies in this pool are contained in Subpart C of Part 90, Title 47 of the CFR. Overview The pool describes a series of frequencies on the VHF and UHF two-way radio bands. They are reserved for use by companies and individuals operating commercial activities; educational, philanthropic, or ecclesiastical institutions; clergy activities or hospitals, clinics, or medical associations. In the United States, use of these frequencies requires a license issued by the U.S. FCC. The exceptions to this are five specific frequencies that are also part of the Multi-Use Radio Service (MURS), which permits unlicensed operation on these frequencies, provided the output power does not exceed 2 watts. Other frequency bands, such as citizens band ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narrowband
Narrowband signals are signals that occupy a narrow range of frequencies or that have a small fractional bandwidth. In the audio spectrum, narrowband sounds are sounds that occupy a narrow range of frequencies. In telephony, narrowband is usually considered to cover frequencies 300–3400 Hz, i.e. the voiceband. In radio communications, a narrowband channel is a channel in which the bandwidth of the message does not significantly exceed the channel's coherence bandwidth. In the study of wired channels, ''narrowband'' implies that the channel under consideration is sufficiently narrow that its frequency response can be considered flat. The message bandwidth will therefore be less than the coherence bandwidth of the channel. That is, no channel has perfectly flat fading, but the analysis of many aspects of wireless systems is greatly simplified if flat fading can be assumed. Two-way radio narrowband Two-Way Radio Narrowbanding refers to a U.S. Federal Communications Commiss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forest Industries Telecommunications
Forest Industries Telecommunications (FIT) is a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certified frequency coordinator and a non-profit association. Established in 1947, its members include those companies or individuals who employ or are eligible to use Land Mobile Radio Service (LMRS) two-way radios. They help manage radio frequency spectrum, perform engineering services, and prepare and certify applications for submission to the FCC. In 1997, FIT was certified to coordinate and file applications on behalf of all business and special emergency entities. History FIT was organized early in 1947 to represent the needs of the forest products industry to the Federal Communications Commission. The forest industry operates in remote regions where commercial wireless systems are not available; according to the FCC, this lack of coverage is one of the most commonly cited reasons for having a Private Land Mobile Radio (PLMR) system. Among the forestry industries, private radio servic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio Station
Radio broadcasting is transmission of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience. In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based radio station, while in satellite radio the radio waves are broadcast by a satellite in Earth orbit. To receive the content the listener must have a broadcast radio receiver (''radio''). Stations are often affiliated with a radio network which provides content in a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. Radio stations broadcast with several different types of modulation: AM radio stations transmit in AM ( amplitude modulation), FM radio stations transmit in FM (frequency modulation), which are older analog audio standards, while newer digital radio stations transmit in several digital audio standards: DAB (digital audio broadcasting), HD radio, DRM ( Digital Radio Mondiale). Television broadcasting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
