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Lower Ramu Languages
The Lower Ramu or Ottilien–Misegian languages consist of two branches in the Ramu language family. They are all spoken in Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Classification The Lower Ramu languages as classified by Usher and by Foley (2018) are:Timothy Usher, New Guinea WorldLower Ramu River/ref> ;Lower Ramu languages *Ottilien languages **Watam, Kaian ** Gamay ( Borei) ** Bosmun, Awar * Misegian languages (Ruboni languages) ** Mikarew ( Aruamu) ** Sepen, Kirei Lower Ramu as presented in Foley (2018) has been reduced in scope from the classification given in Foley (2005), which is as follows. ;Lower Ramu *Watam-Awar-Gamay (WAG) = Ottilien **Watam, Kaian ** Gamay ** Bosmun, Awar * Mikarew- Kire (MK) = Misegian (Ruboni) * Tangu, Igom The Ataitan languages The Ataitan languages, also known as the Tanggu or Moam River languages, are a small family of clearly related languages spoken in the region of the Moam River in Papua New Guinea. They are, * And ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yawar Rural LLG
Yawar Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. The Lower Ramu languages (Ottilien–Misegian) are all spoken in this LLG. Wards *01. Marangis ( Marangis language speakers) *02. Kaiyan (Kaian language speakers) *03. Boroi ( Mbore language speakers) *04. Buliva *05. Daiden *06. Dongan ( Bosmun language speakers) *07. Awar ( Awar language speakers) *08. Nubia *09. Birap *10. Rugusak *11. Ambu *13. Sepa ( Sepen language speakers) *14. Rugasak *15. Banag *16. Giri Tung (Giri language speakers) *17. Damangap *18. Kumnung *19. Minung *20. Kuarak *21. Mikarew ( Mikarew language speakers) *22. Abegini *23. Dinam Adui *24. Apengan *25. Ariangon *26. Amba Arep *27. Aringen Gun *28. Dimuk Sirin *29. Giar Wazamb *30. Andeamarup *31. Duapmung *32. Andarum *33. Ingamuk *34. Barit *35. Kayoma *36. Bang Wokam (Gorovu language Gorovu is a nearly extinct Ramu language of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in the two villages of: *Bangapela village, Bang Wokam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Awar Language
Awar is a Ramu language spoken in three villages in Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ... (). References Ottilien languages Languages of Madang Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca( OH)2. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is produced when quicklime (calcium oxide) is mixed or slaked with water. It has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slaked lime, cal, and pickling lime. Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation, where it has been identified as E number E526. Limewater, also called milk of lime, is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. Properties Calcium hydroxide is poorly soluble in water, with a retrograde solubility increasing from 0.66 g/L at 100 °C to 1.89 g/L at 0 °C. With a solubility product ''K''sp of 5.02 at 25 °C, its dissociation in water is large enough that its solutions are basic according to the following dissolution reaction: : Ca(OH)2 → Ca2+ + 2 OH− At ambient temperature, calcium hydroxide (portlandite) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lower Sepik Languages
The Lower Sepik a.k.a. Nor–Pondo languages are a small language family of East Sepik Province in northern Papua New Guinea. They were identified as a family by K Laumann in 1951 under the name Nor–Pondo, and included in Donald Laycock's now-defunct 1973 Sepik–Ramu family. Classification The original conception of the family, under the name ''Nor–Pondo'', is as follows: Malcolm Ross (2005) broke up the Nor branch (and thus renamed the family ''Lower Sepik'') because Murik does not share the characteristic s of the first- and second-person pronouns of Kopar and the Pondo languages, so the latter may form a group: Murik vs Kopar–Pondo. Ross classified Lower Sepik as one branch of a Ramu–Lower Sepik language family. Foley (2005) tentatively proposes that Chambri and Angoram may be primary branches: Nor, Chambari, Karawari–Yimas, Angoram. Usher, following Foley, keeps Nor together and breaks up Pondo. Neither accept the connection to Ramu. Foley (2018) and Usher ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ataitan Languages
The Ataitan languages, also known as the Tanggu or Moam River languages, are a small family of clearly related languages spoken in the region of the Moam River in Papua New Guinea. They are, * Andarum (Kaje) * Tanguat * Igom + Tangu (Tanggu) Z'graggen named the family "Ataitan" as an acronym of the language names. Usher names it after the local river. They are classified among the Ramu languages of northern Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... Phonemes Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows: : Vowels are *i *ʉ *u *a. Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : Plus 1sg object *na. Proto-Tamolan–Ataitan (Proto-Guam–Moam) is nearly identical, except for not having the ɣsuffixes, and the final vowels of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Igom Language
Kanggape a.k.a. Igom is a Ramu language of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... Together with Andarum, there were speakers in 1981. References Ataitan languages Languages of Madang Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tangu Language
Tanggu (Tangu, Tanggum) is a Ramu language of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... Phonology * /m/ can occur syllabically ̩word-initially. * /ʁ/ is heard as before /i/. * /ⁿdʒ/ is pronounced ~jin the Wagi dialect. * /ɨ/ almost always occurs only in unstressed syllables and diphthongs. Additionally, the following diphthongs have been observed: /ia/, /ɨa/, /ai/, /ui/, /au/, /ua/. /ai/ is realised as word-finally. References Ataitan languages Languages of Madang Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kire Language
Kire (Giri) is a Ramu language of Giri village () in Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Phonology Out of all the Ramu languages The Ramu languages are a family of some thirty languages of Northern Papua New Guinea. They were identified as a family by John Z'graggen in 1971 and linked with the Sepik languages by Donald Laycock two years later. Malcolm Ross (2005) classifi ..., Kire has the most complex consonant phonemic inventory. The Kire consonants are: : Orthography Kire orthography: References {{Ramu–Lower Sepik languages Misegian languages Languages of Madang Province ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirei Language
Kire (Giri) is a Ramu language of Giri village () in Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Phonology Out of all the Ramu languages The Ramu languages are a family of some thirty languages of Northern Papua New Guinea. They were identified as a family by John Z'graggen in 1971 and linked with the Sepik languages by Donald Laycock two years later. Malcolm Ross (2005) classifi ..., Kire has the most complex consonant phonemic inventory. The Kire consonants are: : Orthography Kire orthography: References {{Ramu–Lower Sepik languages Misegian languages Languages of Madang Province ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sepen Language
Sepen is a Ramu language of Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... Speakers prefer the name Akukem. References Misegian languages Languages of Madang Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aruamu Language
Aruamu a.k.a. Mikarew (Mikarup, Makarup, Makarub), also ''Ariawiai (Mikarew-Ariaw),'' is a Ramu language spoken in Mikarew village () of Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... References Misegian languages Languages of Madang Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikarew Language
Aruamu a.k.a. Mikarew (Mikarup, Makarup, Makarub), also ''Ariawiai (Mikarew-Ariaw),'' is a Ramu language spoken in Mikarew village () of Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... References Misegian languages Languages of Madang Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
