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List Of Massacres Of Nizari Ismailis
Numerous massacres are recorded against the minority Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslims, particularly during the Alamut Period. In many cases, the victims include non-Nizaris; such as supporters of the Nizaris, and people who are falsely accused and killed due to personal enmity. The Nizari response was often the assassination of the leader behind the massacre.B. Hourcade, “ALAMŪT,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 797-801; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- (accessed on 17 May 2014). List See also * Nizari–Seljuk wars *List of assassinations by the Assassins References {{Massacres 12th-century conflicts Massacres Massacres in Iran Massacres in Syria Syria history-related lists 11th century-related lists 12th century-related lists 13th century-related lists 11th-century deaths 12th-century deaths 13th-century deaths Isma'ilism-related lists Nizaris The Nizaris ( ar, ال ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nizari Ismailism
The Nizaris ( ar, النزاريون, al-Nizāriyyūn, fa, نزاریان, Nezāriyān) are the largest segment of the Ismaili Muslims, who are the second-largest branch of Shia Islam after the Twelvers. Nizari teachings emphasize independent reasoning or '' ijtihad''; pluralism—the acceptance of racial, ethnic, cultural and inter-religious differences; and social justice. Nizaris, along with Twelvers, adhere to the Jaʽfari school of jurisprudence. The Aga Khan, currently Aga Khan IV, is the spiritual leader and Imam of the Nizaris. The global seat of the Ismaili Imamate is in Lisbon, Portugal. Early history Nizari Isma'ili history is often traced through the unbroken hereditary chain of guardianship, or ''walayah'', beginning with Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was declared Muhammad's successor as Imam during the latter's final pilgrimage to Mecca, and continues in an unbroken chain to the current Imam, Shah Karim Al-Husayni, the Aga Khan. Fatimid usurpation, schism, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bahram Al-Da'i
Bahram al-Da'i ( ar, بهرام الداعي, "Bahram the '' da'i'' issionary) or Bahram of Astarabad was a 12th-century Persian Nizari Ismaili who was the Chief ''Da'i'' and leader of the Assassins in Syria from after 1113 through 1128. Although his attempt to establish a Nizari base in Damascus was unsuccessful, he had an important role in organizing Nizari presence in Northern and Southern Syria. Career Bahram was a nephew of a Nizari Isma'ili leader named Abu Ibrahim Asadabadi who was executed in Baghdad in midst of the massacres ordered by Seljuk sultan Barkiyaruq in 1101. Asadabadi had been an envoy of Barkiyaruq's.Richards, D. S., Editor (2010), ''The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh. Part 1, 1097-1146.'', Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, UK, pp. 40-47 After the execution of his predecessor Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh and the uprooting of the Nizaris in Aleppo, Bahram was sent by Alamut Castle in an attempt to expand the Nizari base ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ar-Rashid (1109–1138)
Abu Ja'far al-Mansur ibn al-Faḍl al-Mustarshid bi'llah ( ar, أبو جعفر المنصور بن الفضل المسترشد بالله; 1109 – 6 June 1138) usually known by his regnal name Al-Rashid bi'llah ( ar, الراشد بالله) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1135 to 1136. He succeeded his father al-Mustarshid in the year 1135. He ruled for just one year from 1135 up to his deposition on 17 August 1136. When the populace of Baghdad rose in revolt against him. Biography Al-Rashid bi'llah was the son of caliph Al-Mustarshid and his mother was one of Al-Mustarshid's concubines was called Khushf. She was from Iraq, and was the mother of his son Mansur, the future Caliph Al-Rashid Billah. His full name was Mansur ibn al-Faḍl al-Mustarshid and his Kunya was ''Abu Jaʿfar''. He was nominated as heir by his father al-Mustarshid. As a prince, he spend his life in magnificent city of Baghdad. His name was minted on coins of Baghdad also on Seljuq coins along wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-ahdath
The ''ahdath'' ( ar, الأحداث, al-aḥdāth) were local militias or irregular police found in Syria in the 10th to 12th centuries. The ''ahdath'' maintained order and protected cities from outside domination. Though some later writers ascribed proletarian values to the ''ahdath'' as outlets of the popular will, many ''ahdath'' also fulfilled a more formal police function and, in many cases, worked in conjunction with the urban bourgeoisie. The ''ahdath'' were used by the Fatimid dynasty in Syria against attacks from the Crusaders The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ....Angus McBrideSaladin and the Saracens'. Osprey Publishing, 1986. , References {{reflist Medieval Syria Military history of the Fatimid Caliphate Crusades Militias in Asia Historical law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taj Al-Muluk Buri
Taj al-Muluk Buri ( ar, تاج الملوك بوري; died 6 June 1132) was an atabeg of Damascus from 1128 to 1132. He was initially an officer in the army of Duqaq, the Seljuk ruler of Damascus, together with his father Toghtekin. When the latter took power after Duqaq's death, Buri acted as regent and later became atabeg himself. Damascus's Burid dynasty was named for him. Biography Buri is mentioned for the first time in 1099, when Duqaq sent him to take possession of Jableh, a town between Antioch and Tripoli which had rebelled against Fakhr al-Mulk ibn 'Ammar, ''qādī'' of Tripoli. Buri however acted as a despotic governor and the population appealed to Fakhr al-Mulk ibn 'Ammar, who captured him. Buri was however treated well and send back to Damascus. In 1102, Raymond of Saint-Gilles besieged Tripoli. Fakhr al-Mulk sued for help to Damascus, but in vain. In 1104 Duqaq died and the power went to his vizier Toghtekin. In 1108 Fakhr al-Mulk went to Baghdad to obtain help ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burid Dynasty
The Burid dynasty was a dynasty of Turkish origin ''Burids'', R. LeTourneau, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, É. Lévi-Provençal and J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 1332. which ruled over the Emirate of Damascus in the early 12th century. History The first Burid ruler, Toghtekin, began as a servant to the Seljuk ruler of Damascus, Duqaq. Following Duqaq's death in 1104, he seized the city for himself. The dynasty was named after Toghtekin's son, Taj al-Muluk Buri. The Burids gained recognition from the Abbasid caliphate in return for considerable gifts. In return, the caliphate did not interfere in the emirate. The Burids ruled the city until 1154, when it was taken by the ruler of Aleppo, Nur ed-Din, founder of the Zengid dynasty.''Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z'', Ed. Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, (Taylor & Francis, 2006), 568. The Burids lost to the Crusaders in the battle of Marj al-Saffar (1126) but were able to prevent the Seco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damascus
)), is an adjective which means "spacious". , motto = , image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg , image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg , seal_type = Seal , map_caption = , pushpin_map = Syria#Mediterranean east#Arab world#Asia , pushpin_label_position = right , pushpin_mapsize = , pushpin_map_caption = Location of Damascus within Syria , pushpin_relief = 1 , coordinates = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = , subdivision_type1 = Governorate , subdivision_name1 = Damascus Governorate, Capital City , government_footnotes = , government_type = , leader_title = Governor , leader_name = Mohammad Tariq Kreishati , parts_type = Municipalities , parts = 16 , established_title = , established_date ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Al-Khashshab (died 1125)
Abu'l-Faḍl (Abu'l-Hasan) ibn al-Khashshab ( ar, أبوالفضل (أبوالحسن) بن الخشاب; died 1125) was the Shi'i ''qadi'' and '' rais'' of Aleppo during the rule of the Seljuk emir Radwan. His family, the Banu'l-Khashshab, were wealthy wood-merchants in the city. Upon the arrival of the First Crusade, Ibn al-Khashshab was one of the first to preach ''jihad'' against the Crusaders, a concept which became more popular throughout the 12th century. His preaching was popular among the masses, but Radwan, along with his Assassin advisors, were not willing to wage battle against the newly formed Crusader states. Aleppo was continually threatened by the Crusaders and eventually Radwan was humiliated by Tancred of Antioch, forced to place crosses on the minarets of some of the mosques in the city. Ibn al-Khashshab had sought help from the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, al-Mustazhir, but each time his requests were ignored; finally, in 1111, he travelled to Baghdad to seek he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amida (Mesopotamia)
Amida ( el, Ἄμιδα, syr, ܐܡܝܕ, ku, Amed) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located where modern Diyarbakır, Turkey now stands. The city was located on the right bank of the Tigris. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the recycled stones from older buildings. History Amid(a) was established as an Aramean settlement, circa the 3rd millennium BC, later as the capital of Bit-Zamani. The oldest artefact from Amida is the famous stele of king Naram-Sin also believed to be from third millennia BC. The name Amida first appears in the writings of Assyrian King Adad-nirari I (C. 1310 -1281 BC) who ruled the city as a part of the Assyrian homeland. Amida remained an important region of the Assyrian homeland throughout the reign of king Tiglath-Pileser I (1114–1076 BC) and the name Amida appeared in the annals of Assyrian rulers until 705 BC, and also appears in the archives of Armenian king Tiridates II in 305 AD, and the Roman historian Ammianus Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Hakim Al-Munajjim
Al-Hakim al-Munajjim ( ar, الحكيم المنجم, literally "The Physician-Astrologer") (died 1103) was a Persian Nizari Isma'ili and the first Nizari missionary ('' da'i'') in Syria, belonging to the order of Assassins. Al-Hakim al-Munajjim was sent from Alamut Castle to Syria in the 12th century, probably accompanied with a number of subordinate ''da'i''s. He appeared in Aleppo in northern Syria, which was a suitable place for him to begin his career, as it had a prominent Shi'a population, and was close to Jabal al-Summaq, which was already influenced by Isma'ilism. Furthermore, the Seljuk ruler (''amir'') of the city, Ridwan, was in a weak military position relative to other rival Syrian ''amir''s, and was seeking new alliances. Al-Hakim al-Munajjim managed to gain the favor of Ridwan, and they openly allied with each other; the Nizaris established their Mission House (''dar al-dawah'') in Aleppo and openly began their religious activities. Some argue that Ridwan him ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Tahir Al-Sa'igh
Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh ( ar, ابو طاهر الصائغ, "Abu Tahir the Goldsmith"), recorded as Botherus in Christian sources, was a Persian goldsmith and the chief Nizari Isma'ili '' da'i'' of Syria, belonging to the order of Assassins. Abu Tahir was the second Nizari ''da'i'' in Syria sent by Hassan-i Sabbah, replacing al-Hakim al-Munajjim, and enjoying alliance with Ridwan. He kept using the Nizari base in Aleppo, while continuing the Nizari strategy of seizing strongholds in pro-Isma'ili areas, focusing on the Jabal al-Summaq highlands located between the Orontes River and Aleppo. At this time, the authority over the upper Orontes valley was shared between Janah al-Dawlah of Homs, Munqidhites of Shaizar, and Khalaf ibn Mula'ib, the Fatimid governor of Apamea based in its citadel Qal'at al-Mudhiq. Janah al-Dawlah had been murdered in 1103 by al-Hakim al-Munajjim, and Khalaf ibn Mula'ib three years later. Khalaf ibn Mula'ib was probably a Musta'li Isma'ili that refused to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad I Tapar
Abu Shuja Ghiyath al-Dunya wa'l-Din Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah ( fa, , Abū Shujāʿ Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa ’l-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Malik-Šāh; 1082 – 1118), better known as Muhammad I Tapar (), was the sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1105 to 1118. He was a son of Malik-Shah I () and Taj al-Din Khatun Safariya. In Turkish, Tapar means "he who obtains, finds". Reign Muhammad was born in January 1082. He succeeded his nephew, Malik Shah II, as Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad, and thus was theoretically the head of the dynasty, although his brother Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan held more practical power. Muhammad I probably allied himself with Radwan of Aleppo in the battle of the Khabur River against Kilij Arslan I, the sultan of Rüm, in 1107, in which the latter was defeated and killed. Following the internecine conflict with his half brother, Barkiyaruq, he was given the title of ''malik'' and the provinces of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Dissatisfied by this he revolted again, but had to flee b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
