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Linux Kernel Version History
This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel. Each major version identified by the first two numbers of a release version is designated one of the following levels of support: * Supported until next stable version and 3 months after that * Long-term support (LTS); maintained for a few years * Super-long-term support (SLTS); maintained for many more years by the Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP) Overview Releases 6.x.y , 6.1.141 , December 2027 August 2033 , * Rust for Linux, Support for writing kernel modules in Rust * Multi-Gen LRU Page replacement algorithm, page reclaiming (not yet enabled by default) * Btrfs performance improvements * Support for more sound hardware * Improved support for game controllers , 23rd LTS releaseUsed in Debian 12 "Bookworm" 4th SLTS release (which CIP is planning to support until August 2033) 6.1.28 is named Curry Ramen , - , , , 6.0.19 , January 2023 , * Performance improvements on Intel Xeon 'Ice Lake' ...
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Linux Kernel
The Linux kernel is a Free and open-source software, free and open source Unix-like kernel (operating system), kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system (OS) which was created to be a free software, free replacement for Unix. Since the late 1990s, it has been included in many Linux distributions, operating system distributions, many of which are called Linux. One such Linux kernel operating system is Android (operating system), Android which is used in many mobile and embedded devices. Most of the kernel code is written in C (programming language), C as supported by the GNU compiler collection (GCC) which has extensions beyond standard C. The code also contains assembly language, assembly code for architecture-specific logic such as optimizing memory use and task execution. The kernel has a Modular programming, modular design such that modules can be inte ...
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Trusted Platform Module
A Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a secure cryptoprocessor that implements the ISO/IEC 11889 standard. Common uses are verifying that the boot process starts from a trusted combination of hardware and software and storing disk encryption keys. A TPM 2.0 implementation is part of the Windows 11 system requirements. History The first TPM version that was deployed was 1.1b in 2003. Trusted Platform Module (TPM) was conceived by a computer industry consortium called Trusted Computing Group (TCG). It evolved into ''TPM Main Specification Version 1.2'' which was standardized by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2009 as ISO/IEC 11889:2009. ''TPM Main Specification Version 1.2'' was finalized on 3 March 2011 completing its revision. On April 9, 2014, the Trusted Computing Group announced a major upgrade to their specification entitled ''TPM Library Specification 2.0''. The group continues work on the standard ...
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Shadow Stack
In computer security, a shadow stack is a mechanism for protecting a procedure's stored return address, such as from a stack buffer overflow. The shadow stack itself is a second, separate stack that "shadows" the program call stack. In the function prologue, a function stores its return address to both the call stack and the shadow stack. In the function epilogue, a function loads the return address from both the call stack and the shadow stack, and then compares them. If the two records of the return address differ, then an attack is detected; the typical course of action is simply to terminate the program or alert system administrators about a possible intrusion attempt. A shadow stack is similar to stack canaries in that both mechanisms aim to maintain the control-flow integrity of the protected program by detecting attacks that tamper the stored return address by an attacker during an exploitation attempt. Shadow stacks can be implemented by recompiling programs with modif ...
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Completely Fair Scheduler
The Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) was a process scheduler that was merged into the 2.6.23 (October 2007) release of the Linux Linux kernel, kernel. It was the default scheduler of the tasks of the SCHED_NORMAL class (i.e., tasks that have no real-time execution constraints) and handled central processing unit, CPU resource allocation for executing process (computing), processes, aiming to maximize overall CPU utilization while also maximizing interactive performance. In contrast to the previous O(1) scheduler used in older Linux 2.6 kernels, which maintained and switched Run queue, run queues of active and expired tasks, the CFS scheduler implementation is based on per-CPU run queues, whose nodes are time-ordered schedulable entities that are kept sorted by red–black trees. The CFS does away with the old notion of per-priorities fixed time-slices and instead it aims at giving a fair share of CPU time to tasks (or, better, schedulable entities). Starting from version 6.6 of th ...
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Earliest Eligible Virtual Deadline First Scheduling
Earliest eligible virtual deadline first (EEVDF) is a dynamic priority proportional share scheduling algorithm for soft real-time systems. Algorithm EEVDF was first described in the 1995 paper "Earliest Eligible Virtual Deadline First : A Flexible and Accurate Mechanism for Proportional Share Resource Allocation" by Ion Stoica and Hussein Abdel-Wahab. It uses notions of virtual time, eligible time, virtual requests and virtual deadlines for determining scheduling priority. It has the property that when a job keeps requesting service, the amount of service obtained is always within the maximum quantum size of what it is entitled. Linux kernel scheduler In 2023, Peter Zijlstra proposed replacing the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) in the Linux kernel with an EEVDF process scheduler. The aim was to remove the need for CFS "latency nice" patches. The EEVDF scheduler replaced CFS in version 6.6 of the Linux kernel. See also * Brain Fuck Scheduler * Earliest deadline first schedu ...
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JFS (file System)
Journaled File System (JFS) is a 64-bit journaling file system created by IBM. There are versions for AIX, OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS and Linux operating systems. The latter is available as free software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). HP-UX has another, different filesystem named JFS that is actually an OEM version of Veritas Software's VxFS. In the AIX operating system, two generations of JFS exist, which are called ''JFS'' (''JFS1'') and ''JFS2'' respectively. IBM's JFS was originally designed for 32-bit systems. JFS2 was designed for 64-bit systems. In other operating systems, such as OS/2 and Linux, only the second generation exists and is called simply ''JFS''. This should not be confused with JFS in AIX that actually refers to JFS1. History IBM introduced JFS with the initial release of AIX version 3.1 in February 1990. This file system, now called ''JFS1 on AIX'', was the premier file system for AIX over the following decade and was ins ...
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Btrfs
Btrfs (pronounced as "better F S", "butter F S", "b-tree F S", or "B.T.R.F.S.") is a computer storage format that combines a file system based on the copy-on-write (COW) principle with a logical volume manager (distinct from Linux's LVM), developed together. It was created by Chris Mason in 2007 for use in Linux, and since November 2013, the file system's on-disk format has been declared stable in the Linux kernel. Btrfs is intended to address the lack of pooling, snapshots, integrity checking, data scrubbing, and integral multi-device spanning in Linux file systems. Mason, the principal Btrfs author, stated that its goal was "to let inuxscale for the storage that will be available. Scaling is not just about addressing the storage but also means being able to administer and to manage it with a clean interface that lets people see what's being used and makes it more reliable". History The core data structure of Btrfsthe copy-on-write B-treewas originally proposed by ...
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RAID
RAID (; redundant array of inexpensive disks or redundant array of independent disks) is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical Computer data storage, data storage components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both. This is in contrast to the previous concept of highly reliable mainframe disk drives known as ''single large expensive disk'' (''SLED''). Data is distributed across the drives in one of several ways, referred to as RAID levels, depending on the required level of redundancy (engineering), redundancy and performance. The different schemes, or data distribution layouts, are named by the word "RAID" followed by a number, for example RAID 0 or RAID 1. Each scheme, or RAID level, provides a different balance among the key goals: reliability engineering, reliability, availability, computer performance, performance, and computer data storage#Capacity, capacity. RAID levels ...
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AMD64
x86-64 (also known as x64, x86_64, AMD64, and Intel 64) is a 64-bit extension of the x86 instruction set. It was announced in 1999 and first available in the AMD Opteron family in 2003. It introduces two new operating modes: 64-bit mode and compatibility mode, along with a new four-level paging mechanism. In 64-bit mode, x86-64 supports significantly larger amounts of virtual memory and physical memory compared to its 32-bit predecessors, allowing programs to utilize more memory for data storage. The architecture expands the number of general-purpose registers from 8 to 16, all fully general-purpose, and extends their width to 64 bits. Floating-point arithmetic is supported through mandatory SSE2 instructions in 64-bit mode. While the older x87 FPU and MMX registers are still available, they are generally superseded by a set of sixteen 128-bit vector registers (XMM registers). Each of these vector registers can store one or two double-precision floating-point numbers, ...
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IA-32
IA-32 (short for "Intel Architecture, 32-bit", commonly called ''i386'') is the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set architecture, designed by Intel and first implemented in the i386, 80386 microprocessor in 1985. IA-32 is the first incarnation of x86 that supports 32-bit computing; as a result, the "IA-32" term may be used as a Metonymy, metonym to refer to all x86 versions that support 32-bit computing. Within various programming language directives, IA-32 is still sometimes referred to as the "i386" architecture. In some other contexts, certain iterations of the IA-32 ISA are sometimes labelled ''i486'', ''i586'' and ''i686'', referring to the instruction supersets offered by the i486, 80486, the P5 (microarchitecture), P5 and the P6 (microarchitecture), P6 microarchitectures respectively. These updates offered numerous additions alongside the base IA-32 set including X87, floating-point capabilities and the MMX (instruction set), MMX extensions. Intel was historically ...
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Nouveau (software)
nouveau () is a free and open-source graphics device driver for Nvidia video cards and the Tegra family of SoCs written by independent software engineers, with minor help from Nvidia employees. The project's goal is to create an open source driver by reverse engineering Nvidia's proprietary Linux drivers. It is managed by the X.Org Foundation, hosted by freedesktop.org, and is distributed as part of Mesa 3D. The project was initially based on the 2D-only free and open-source "nv" driver, which Red Hat developer Matthew Garrett and others claim had been obfuscated. nouveau is licensed under the MIT License. The name of the project comes from the French word ''nouveau'', meaning ''new''. It was suggested by the original author, Stéphane Marchesin, after his IRC client's French-language autocorrect system offered the word " nouveau" as a correction for the letters "nv". Software architecture nouveau is a Gallium3D-style device driver and works on top of the Direct R ...
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Itanium
Itanium (; ) is a discontinued family of 64-bit computing, 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). The Itanium architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was later jointly developed by HP and Intel. Launching in June 2001, Intel initially marketed the processors for enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems. In the concept phase, engineers said "we could run circles around PowerPC...we could kill the x86". Early predictions were that IA-64 would expand to the lower-end servers, supplanting Xeon, and eventually penetrate into the personal computers, eventually to supplant Reduced instruction set computer, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) and complex instruction set computing (CISC) architectures for all general-purpose applications. When first released in 2001 after a decade of development, Itanium's performance was disappointing compared to better-established RISC and CISC processors. Em ...
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