|
LGBT In The Ottoman Empire
LGBT in the Ottoman Empire were the practices, tendencies and cultural assessments of LGBT that were deployed in the Ottoman Empire. In the Ottoman Empire, concepts as 'lesbian' or ' gay' did not exist. Instead of these concepts, terms as active 'sodomy' and passive (me'bun) were used. The legal concept of gender in the Ottoman Empire consisted of two genders, male and female. However, gender in the Ottoman Empire was very different from the legal concept. Although heterosexuality was necessary for the continuation of the lineage of the Ottomans, homosexuality was culturally associated with love. Adolescent men may have desired older men or women at that time, after puberty however, they were expected to desire young boys or women. If they were both passive and active, they were also called out for heresy. Terminology Devshirme - the practice of gathering young “promising” boys from Christian families Hammam - bathhouse Gulampare - old Turkish term for a 'male-lover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanzimat
The Tanzimat (; ota, تنظيمات, translit=Tanzimāt, lit=Reorganization, ''see'' nizām) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. The Tanzimat era began with the purpose, not of radical transformation, but of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire. It was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the tide of the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire. Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser has argued that the reforms led to "the rhetorical promotion of equality of non-Muslims with Muslims on paper vs. the primacy of Muslims in practice"; other historians have argued that the ability ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LGBT History In Turkey
This article provides an overview of the development of LGBTQIA+ representation, as well as rights of the community, in modern day Turkey. In addition, it addresses their contribution and struggles as well as the coalitions they have built from the Abolition of the Caliphate times until the 21st century. Reforms Under Atatürk After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1923 and the foundation of the Turkish Republic, Turkey's first president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk introduced a number of reforms that impacted the view on gay relationships within the country. Atatürk's goal to modernize institutions and cultural traditions was heavily influenced by conservative Western ideals. The Christian-ruling countries did not allow for non-heterosexual relationships and pressed their ideals on the rest of the world. Under the influence of European modernization, Turkey adapted more and more to European clothing styles and made the wearing of hats mandatory. Refusal to wear these in pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Human Sexuality
The social construction of human sexuality and Human sexual activity, sexual behavior—along with its taboos, regulation, and sociology, social and politics, political impact—has had a profound effect on the various cultures of the world since Prehistory, prehistoric times. The study of the history of human sexuality The work of Swiss jurist Johann Bachofen made a major impact on the study of the history of sexuality. Many authors, notably Lewis Henry Morgan and Friedrich Engels, were influenced by Bachofen, and criticized Bachofen's ideas on the subject, which were almost entirely drawn from a close reading of ancient mythology. In his 1861 book ''Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World'' Bachofen writes that in the beginning human sexuality was chaotic and promiscuous. This "aphroditic" stage was replaced by a matriarchal "demeteric" stage, which resulted from the mother being the only reliable way of esta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binding Of Nev'izade Atayi's Hamse
Binding may refer to: Computing * Binding, associating a network socket with a local port number and IP address * Data binding, the technique of connecting two data elements together ** UI data binding, linking a user interface element to an element of a domain model, such as a database field ** XML data binding, representing XML document data using objects and classes * Key binding, or keyboard shortcut, mapping key combinations to software functionality * Language binding, a library providing a functional interface to second library in a different programming language * Name binding, the association of code or data with an identifier in a programming language ** Late binding, name binding which is resolved at run-time rather than in pre-execution time Science * Binding problem, a term for several problems in cognitive science and philosophy ** Neural binding, synchronous activity of neurons and neuronal ensembles * Molecular binding, an attractive interaction between two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mihri Hanım
Mihri is a word of Turkish language origin, and it may refer to: *Mihri Pektaş (1895–1979), Turkish school teacher and one of the first 18 female parliament members of Turkey *Mihri Belli (1915–2011),Turkish socialist politician * Mihri Hatun (died 1506), Ottoman female poet *Mihri Müşfik Hanım Mihri Müşfik Hanım ( ota, مهری مشفیق خانم; born Mihri Rasim Achba; 26 February 1886 – 1954) was an Abkhazian princess and painter who became one of the first and most renowned female painters in Turkey. She was recognized espe ... (1886–c. 1954), Turkish female painter {{given name Turkish given names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enderûnlu Fâzıl
Enderûnlu Fâzıl (1757–1810) was an Ottoman poet who depicted the beauty of men from various lands of the Ottoman Empire. He achieved fame through his erotic works, which were published posthumously. Among his most famous works is ''The Book of Women'', which was banned in the Ottoman Empire. The book describes the advantages and disadvantages of women from different nations. Life Fâzıl was born in Acre into an Arab family originally of Medina. He spent his early years in Safed in Ottoman Palestine. His grandfather Zahir al-Umar and father Ali Tâhir were both executed (in 1775 and 1776, respectively) for participating in a rebellion. After his father's death, Fâzıl moved to Istanbul. There, he was admitted to the Enderun palace school (taking the name ''Enderuni'' or ''Enderûnlu''), but was expelled in 1783 as a result of his love affairs with other men there. In 1799 he was exiled to Rhodes because of his satirical writings and was only allowed to return to Istanbul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sufi Literature
Sufi literature consists of works in various languages that express and advocate the ideas of Sufism. Sufism had an important influence on medieval literature, especially poetry, that was written in Arabic, Persian, Turkic and Urdu. Sufi doctrines and organizations provided more freedom to literature than did the court poetry of the period. The Sufis borrowed elements of folklore in their literature. The works of Nizami, Nava'i, Hafez, Sam'ani and Jami were more or less related to Sufism. The verse of such Sufi poets as Sanai (died c. 1140), Attar (born c. 1119), and Rumi (died 1273) protested against oppression with an emphasis on divine justice and criticized evil rulers, religious fanaticism and the greed and hypocrisy of the orthodox Muslim clergy. The poetic forms used by these writers were similar to the folk song, parable and fairy tale. Background Sufi literature written in Persian flourished from the 12th to 15th centuries. Later major poets linked with the Sufi tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazel
''Gazel'' is a form of Turkish music that has almost died out. While in other parts of West Asia, ''gazel'' is synonymous with '' ghazal'', in Turkey it denotes an improvised form of solo singing that is sometimes accompanied by the '' ney'', '' ud'', or ''tanbur''. It is the vocal equivalent to the Turkish ''taqsim ''Taqsim'' ( ckb, تەقسیم, ar, تَقْسِيم / ALA-LC: ''taqsīm''; el, ταξίμι, translit=taksimi, tr, taksim) is a melodic musical improvisation that usually precedes the performance of a traditional Arabic, Kurdish, Greek, Middl ...'', an improvised instrumental composition. The form began to die out in the mid-20th century because of its associations with nightclubs, but it has recently begun a revival process.Garland Encyclopedia of Music, vol. 6, pp. 114–121 References Turkish music Turkish words and phrases Arabic and Central Asian poetics Forms of Ottoman classical music Forms of Turkish makam music {{music-genre-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkish Republic
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. It shares borders with the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest. Cyprus is located off the south coast. Turks form the vast majority of the nation's population and Kurds are the largest minority. Ankara is Turkey's capital, while Istanbul is its largest city and financial centre. One of the world's earliest permanently settled regions, present-day Turkey was home to important Neolithic sites like Göbekli Tepe, and was inhabited by ancient civilisations including the Hattians, Hittites, Anatolian peoples, Mycenaean Greeks, Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Westernization
Westernization (or Westernisation), also Europeanisation or occidentalization (from the ''Occident''), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, science, education, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, diet, clothing, language, writing system, religion, and philosophy. During colonialism it often involved the spread of Christianity. Westernization has been a growing influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming Westernization to be the equivalent of modernization, a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of Westernization is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to become a more Westernized society, with the putative goal of attaining a Western life or some aspects of it, while Western societies are themselve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> LGBT History In Turkey")
