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Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha
Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (" Köprülü Mustafa Pasha the Wise", also known as Gazi Fazıl Mustafa Köprülü ( sq, Fazlli Mustafa Kypriljoti; tr, Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa; 1637 – 19 August 1691, Slankamen) served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1689 to 1691, when the Empire was engaged in a war against the Holy League countries in the Great Turkish War.İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish) He was the son of Ayşe Hatun, of Turkish origin, and of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. He was thus a member of the Köprülü family of Albanian origin through his father. His father, his elder brother Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, as well as his two brothers-in-law (Kara Mustafa Pasha and Abaza Siyavuş Pasha) were former grand viziers. His epithet ''Fazıl'' means "wise" in Ottoman Turkish. Rise to Power He was the son of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, the founder of the Köprülü family, and of Ayşe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Köprülü Family
The Köprülü family ( tr, Köprülü ailesi) was a noble family of Albanian origin in the Ottoman Empire.Ivo Banac''The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics'' , Cornell University 1988 page 292. The family hailed from the town of Rudnik (near Berat) in the Sanjak of Vlora and provided six Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (including Kara Mustafa Pasha, who was adopted), with several others becoming high-ranking officers. The era during which these grand viziers served is known as the Köprülü era of the Ottoman Empire. Another notable member of the family was Köprülü Abdullah Pasha (1684–1735), who was a general in Ottoman-Persian wars of his time and acted as the governor in several provinces of the empire. Modern descendants include Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, a prominent historian of Turkish literature. Members of the family continue to live in Turkey, the Maghreb, and the United States. Köprülü grand viziers During the history of the Otto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albanians
The Albanians (; sq, Shqiptarët ) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Balkan Peninsula who share a common Albanian ancestry, culture, history and language. They primarily live in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia as well as in Croatia, Greece, Italy and Turkey. They also constitute a large diaspora with several communities established across Europe, the Americas and Oceania. Albanians have Paleo-Balkanic origins. Exclusively attributing these origins to the Illyrians, Thracians or other Paleo-Balkan people is still a matter of debate among historians and ethnologists. The first certain reference to Albanians as an ethnic group comes from 11th century chronicler Michael Attaleiates who describes them as living in the theme of Dyrrhachium. The Shkumbin River roughly demarcates the Albanian language between Gheg and Tosk dialects. Christianity in Albania was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome until the 8th century AD. Then, dioceses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Köprülü Era
The Köprülü era ( tr, Köprülüler Devri) (c. 1656–1703) was a period in which the Ottoman Empire's politics were frequently dominated by a series of grand viziers from the Köprülü family. The Köprülü era is sometimes more narrowly defined as the period from 1656 to 1683, as it was during those years that members of the family held the office of grand vizier uninterruptedly, while for the remainder of the period they occupied it only sporadically. The Köprülüs were generally skilled administrators and are credited with reviving the empire's fortunes after a period of military defeat and economic instability. Numerous reforms were instituted under their rule, which enabled the empire to resolve its budget crisis and stamp out factional conflict in the empire. Köprülü Mehmed Pasha The Köprülü rise to power was precipitated by a political crisis resulting from the government's financial struggles combined with a pressing need to break the Venetian blockade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy League (1684)
The Holy League (Latin: Sacra Ligua) of 1684 was a coalition of European nations formed during the Great Turkish War. Born out of the Treaty of Warsaw, it was founded as a means to prevent further Ottoman expansion into Europe. This consolidation of a large portion of Europe's military might led to unprecedented military successes, with large areas of previously ceded land recovered in Morea, Dalmatia and Danubia in what has been dubbed a "14th crusade". The formation of the League has been recognised as a turning point in Ottoman history. By forcing the surrender of the Empire on multiple occasions, it shifted the balance of power away from the Ottomans, leading to a diminished Ottoman presence in Europe and the subsequent dissolution of the League in 1699. Background and origins Ottoman imperialism The Ottoman Empire had annexed much of Eastern Europe under the control of grand vizier Mehmed IV through multiple successful conquests. After Poland’s surrender of most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Slankamen
The Battle of Slankamen was fought on 19 August 1691, near Slankamen in the Ottoman Sanjak of Syrmia (modern-day Vojvodina, Serbia), between the Ottoman Empire, and Habsburg Austrian forces during the Great Turkish War. The battle saw a Turkish-Transylvanian force led by Emeric Thököly and Mustafa Köprülü suffer an overwhelming defeat by an Imperial army commanded by Ludwig Wilhelm of Baden. The Grand Vizir Mustafa Köprülü was killed by a stray bullet and the Ottoman army routed, leaving behind the war chest and their artillery. The battle was disastrous for the Turks and costly for the Austrians. The victory stabilized the Hungarian front and secured Hungary, Croatia and Transylvania for the Habsburgs. Background The Ottomans suffered a series of defeats against the Archduchy of Austria in the 1680s, most notably at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, Buda in 1686, Belgrade in 1688 and Bosnia in 1689. However, with the beginning of the Nine Years War in the west, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Belgrade (1690)
The siege of Belgrade in 1690 was the fifth siege of that city, taking place during the Great Turkish War. Belgrade had been conquered by the Austrians under the elector of Bavaria, Maximilian II Emanuel, on September 6, 1688, after a five-week siege. Only 20 days later, King Louis XIV of France invaded the Rhineland, starting the Nine Years' War. This invasion made the Emperor stop all offensives in the Balkans and redirect the bulk of his army in the East towards the Rhine. This diversion allowed the Ottomans under Grand vizier Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha to regroup their army and retake the initiative. In 1690, the Ottomans recaptured Niš and by October 2 they had reached Belgrade. The siege lasted for only six days, as the Austrians were forced to surrender when their main powder magazine was hit by a Turkish shell and exploded. Belgrade was then captured by the Ottomans. The Turks would hold the city until the Austrians retook it in the 1717 siege. Sources Diction ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Turkish War
The Great Turkish War (german: Großer Türkenkrieg), also called the Wars of the Holy League ( tr, Kutsal İttifak Savaşları), was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary. Intensive fighting began in 1683 and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The war was a defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first time lost large amounts of territory, in Hungary and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as part of the western Balkans. The war was significant also by being the first time that Russia was involved in an alliance with Western Europe. The French did not join the Holy League, as France had agreed to reviving an informal Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1673, in exchange for Louis XIV being recognized as a protector of Catholics in the Ottoman regime. Initially, Louis XIV took advantage of the start of the war to extend Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serdar (Ottoman Rank)
Serdar ( ota, سردار; from "Sardar") was a military rank in the Ottoman Empire and a noble rank in Montenegro and Serbia. Serdars especially served at the borders of Ottoman Empire. It is often translated to 'commander' in English texts. Serdar was also used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as an honorary non-noble title below that of '' vojvoda.'' Janko Vukotić, the former prime minister of Montenegro, held the title of serdar''.'' Uses * Serdar is a popular male name in Turkey. * Serdar is a popular male name in Turkmenistan. * Serdar-ı Ekrem or ( Serdar-ı Azam) means the commander-in-chief with the highest rank, and thus, it sometimes refers to the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. * Serdar is also used as a noun (especially to give a nostalgic feeling) with its original meaning (i.e. commander-in-chief) in Turkish. For example, "Ordunun serdarı yiğit savaşçılarına saldırı emrini verdi" means "The commander-in-chief of the forc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Köprülüzade Numan Pasha
Köprülüzade Numan Pasha ( sq, Numan Pasha Kypriljoti; 1670–1719) was an Ottoman statesman who was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire between June and August 1710. He was a member of the influential Köprülü family, as well as a ''damat'' ("bridegroom") to the Ottoman dynasty after marrying Ayşe, daughter of the Sultan Mustafa II. When he started his term as grand vizier, Köprülü Numan Pasha had a reputation as an honest, incorruptible, and capable organizer and experienced military leader. He was expected to resolve a highly difficult political situation provoked by king Charles XII of Sweden, who had retreated to Ottoman soil following his defeat in Battle of Poltava 1709. King Charles and his political ally, Crimean Khan Devlet II Giray, persuaded Ottoman sultan Ahmed III to start a war against Peter the Great's Russia. In an effort to avoid joining war, Köprülü Numan Pasha promised a great army to escort king Charles to the Baltic Sea through Poland. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha
Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha (" Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha the Nephew"; in sq, Hysein Pashë Kypriljoti) (1644–1702) of the Köprülü family, was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire under Mustafa II from September 1697 until September 1702.Shaw, Stanford J. (1976), ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Vol.1 Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire'', Cambridge:Cambridge University Press Amcazade Koprulu Huseyin Pasha was close to ordinary Ottoman Muslim subjects being a member of the Mevlevi Order. He was known to be concerned with the needs of the common people as well as those of the military and bureaucratic classes. Earlier years Amcazade Huseyin was born in 1644 and was the son of Hasan Ağa Kypriljoti, the brother of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, and for this reason he has the cognonom of "amcazade (nephew)". We have little of his youth and education. His father had agricultural estates at the Turkish village of "Kozluca" in prese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (died 23 February 1688) was a short term grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire who held the post during one of the most chaotic periods of the empire. Early years He was of Abkhazian origin. He was a servant of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, an able grand vizier who died in 1661. By marrying Köprülü Mehmed Pasha's daughter, he became a relative of the powerful Köprülü family. Together with his brothers-in-law ( Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha and Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha), he participated in a number of military campaigns. In 1684, Buda (a part of Budapest, the capital of modern Hungary, then a part of Ottoman Empire) had been besieged by the Austrians under the command of Maximilian. Siyavuş Pasha stormed the Austrians and forced them to lift the siege. This was one of the few Turkish victories in the Great Turkish War. As a grand vizier Ottoman sultan Mehmet IV ("the Hunter") was inattentive to state affairs, especially in the war. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kara Mustafa Pasha
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha ( ota, مرزيفونلى قره مصطفى پاشا, tr, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa; "Mustafa Pasha the Courageous of Merzifon"; 1634/1635 – 25 December 1683) was an Ottoman nobleman, military figure and Grand Vizier of Turkish origin, who was a central character in the Ottoman Empire's last attempts at expansion into both Central and Eastern Europe. Early life and career Kara Mustafa Pasha was of Turkish origin. However, he was brought up in the Köprülü family, of Albanian origin. He was born in the village of Mirince/Marınca near Merzifon (now called Karamustafapaşa after him), the son of a ''sipahi'', cavalry man. His father is said to have served under Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. Possibly as a way to increase his possibilities to start an administrative career, he was introduced into the Köprülü household, where he was educated by Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, and married into the Köprülü family.''The Siege of Vienna'', John Stoye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
