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Kenneth G. Wilson
Kenneth Geddes "Ken" Wilson (June 8, 1936 – June 15, 2013) was an American theoretical physicist and a pioneer in using computers for studying particle physics. He was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on phase transitions—illuminating the subtle essence of phenomena like melting ice and emerging magnetism. It was embodied in his fundamental work on the renormalization group. Life Wilson was born on June 8, 1936, in Waltham, Massachusetts, the oldest child of Emily Buckingham Wilson and E. Bright Wilson, a prominent chemist at Harvard University, who did important work on microwave emissions. His mother also trained as a physicist. He attended several schools, including Magdalen College School, Oxford, England, ending up at the George School in eastern Pennsylvania. He went on to Harvard College at age 16, majoring in Mathematics and, on two occasions, in 1954 and 1956, ranked among the top five in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Compe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waltham, Massachusetts
Waltham ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, and was an early center for the labor movement as well as a major contributor to the Technological and industrial history of the United States, American Industrial Revolution. The original home of the Boston Manufacturing Company, the city was a prototype for 19th century industrial city planning, spawning what became known as the Waltham-Lowell system of labor and production. The city is now a center for research and higher education as home to Brandeis University and Bentley University. The population was 65,218 at the 2020 United States census. Waltham is part of the Greater Boston area and lies west of Downtown Boston. Waltham has been called "watch city" because of its association with the watch industry. Waltham Watch Company opened its factory in Waltham in 1854 and was the first company to make watches on an assembly line. It won the gold medal in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Numerical Renormalization Group
The numerical renormalization group (NRG) is a technique devised by Kenneth Wilson to solve certain many-body problems where quantum impurity physics plays a key role. History The numerical renormalization group is an inherently non-perturbative procedure, which was originally used to solve the Kondo model. The Kondo model is a simplified theoretical model which describes a system of magnetic spin-1/2 impurities which couple to metallic conduction electrons (e.g. iron impurities in gold). This problem is notoriously difficult to tackle theoretically, since perturbative techniques break down at low-energy. However, Wilson was able to prove for the first time using the numerical renormalization group that the ground state of the Kondo model is a singlet state. But perhaps more importantly, the notions of renormalization, fixed points, and renormalization group flow were introduced to the field of condensed matter theory — it is for this that Wilson won the Nobel Prize in 1982. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eringen Medal
The A. C. Eringen Medal or Eringen Medal is an award given annually bthe Society of Engineering Science(SES) to an individual "in recognition of sustained outstanding achievements in Engineering Science". This award was established in 1976. The actual award consists of a medal and an honorarium. Eringen Medal recipients Source: * 1976 – Lofti Zadeh * 1977 – A. Cemal Eringen, Samuel C. C. Ting * 1978 – Raymond Flory * 1979 – Ian Sneddon * 1980 – Edward Teller * 1981 – Joseph B. Keller * 1982 – Harold Grad * 1983 – R. Byron Bird * 1984 – Kenneth G. Wilson * 1985 – Bernard Budiansky * 1986 – Paul M. Naghdi * 1988 – George Herrmann * 1989 – J. Tinsley Oden * 1991 – James K. Knowles * 1992 – Ray W. Clough * 1993 – Fazıl Erdoğan [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobel Prize In Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics () is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony. The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of X-rays. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franklin Medal
The Franklin Medal was a science award presented from 1915 until 1997 by the Franklin Institute located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous ... It was founded in 1914 by innovator Samuel Insull, and it was the most prestigious of the various awards presented by the Franklin Institute. Together with the other eight historical awards, it was merged into the Benjamin Franklin Medal, initiated in 1998. Laureates Recipients are listed in a database on The Franklin Institute website. Notes References External links The Franklin Institute Awards{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102220048/https://www.fi.edu/franklin-institute-awards , date=2018-01-02 Franklin Institute awards * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolf Prize
The Wolf Prize is an international award granted in Israel, that has been presented most years since 1978 to living scientists and artists for "achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among people ... irrespective of nationality, race, colour, religion, sex or political views". History The prize is awarded in Israel by the Wolf Foundation, founded by Ricardo Wolf, a German-born inventor and former Cuban ambassador to Israel. It is awarded in six fields: Agriculture, Chemistry, Mathematics, Medicine, and Physics, and an Arts The arts or creative arts are a vast range of human practices involving creativity, creative expression, storytelling, and cultural participation. The arts encompass diverse and plural modes of thought, deeds, and existence in an extensive ... prize that rotates between architecture, music, painting, and sculpture. Each prize consists of a diploma and US$100,000. The awards ceremony typically takes place at a session in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boltzmann Medal
The Boltzmann Medal (or Boltzmann Award) is a prize awarded to physicists that obtain new results concerning statistical mechanics; it is named after the celebrated physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. The Boltzmann Medal is awarded once every three years by the Commission on Statistical Physics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, during the STATPHYS conference. The award consists of a gilded medal; its front carries the inscription ''Ludwig Boltzmann, 1844–1906''. Recipients All the winners are influential physicists or mathematicians whose contribution to statistical physics have been relevant in the past decades. Institution with multiple recipients are Sapienza University of Rome (3) and École Normale Supérieure, Cornell University, University of Cambridge and Princeton University (2). The Medal cannot be awarded to a scientist who already has been a laureate of a Nobel Prize. Three recipients of the Boltzmann Medal have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Physi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dannie Heineman Prize For Mathematical Physics
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics is an award given each year since 1959 jointly by the American Physical Society and American Institute of Physics. It is established by the Heineman Foundation in honour of Dannie Heineman. As of 2010, the prize consists of US$10,000 and a certificate citing the contributions made by the recipient plus travel expenses to attend the meeting at which the prize is bestowed. Past Recipients Source: American Physical Society *2025 Samson Shatashvili *2024 David C. Brydges *2023 Nikita Nekrasov *2022 Antti Kupiainen and Krzysztof Gawędzki *2021 Joel Lebowitz *2020 Svetlana Jitomirskaya *2019 T. Bill Sutherland, Francesco Calogero and Michel Gaudin *2018 Barry Simon *2017 Carl M. Bender *2016 Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa *2015 Pierre Ramond *2014 Gregory W. Moore *2013 Michio Jimbo and Tetsuji Miwa *2012 Giovanni Jona-Lasinio *2011 Herbert Spohn *2010 Michael Aizenman *2009 Carlo Becchi, Alain Rouet, Raymond Sto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ginsparg–Wilson Equation
In lattice field theory, the Ginsparg–Wilson equation generalizes chiral symmetry on the lattice in a way that approaches the continuum formulation in the continuum limit. The class of fermions whose Dirac operators satisfy this equation are known as Ginsparg–Wilson fermions, with notable examples being overlap, domain wall and fixed point fermions. They are a means to avoid the fermion doubling problem, widely used for instance in lattice QCD calculations. The equation was discovered by Paul Ginsparg and Kenneth Wilson in 1982, however it was quickly forgotten about since there were no known solutions. It was only in 1997 and 1998 that the first solutions were found in the form of the overlap and fixed point fermions, at which point the equation entered prominence. Ginsparg–Wilson fermions do not contradict the Nielsen–Ninomiya theorem because they explicitly violate chiral symmetry. More precisely, the continuum chiral symmetry relation D\gamma_5+\gamma_5 D=0 (where D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilson Ratio
The Wilson ratio of a metal is the dimensionless ratio of the zero-temperature magnetic susceptibility to the coefficient of the linear temperature term in the electronic specific heat. The relative value of the Wilson ratio, compared to the Wilson ratio for the non-interacting Fermi gas, can provide insight into the types of interactions present. Applications Fermi liquid theory The Wilson ratio can be used to characterize strongly correlated Fermi liquids. The Fermi liquid theory explains the behaviour of metals at very low temperatures. Two important features of a metal which obey this theory are: # At temperatures much below the Fermi temperature the specific heat is proportional to the temperature # The magnetic susceptibility is independent of temperature Both of these quantities, however, are proportional to the electronic density of states at the Fermi energy. Their ratio is a dimensionless quantity called the Wilson (or the Sommerfeld-Wilson) ratio, defined as: :R_\ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilson Loops
In quantum field theory, Wilson loops are gauge invariant operators arising from the parallel transport of gauge variables around closed loops. They encode all gauge information of the theory, allowing for the construction of loop representations which fully describe gauge theories in terms of these loops. In pure gauge theory they play the role of order operators for confinement, where they satisfy what is known as the area law. Originally formulated by Kenneth G. Wilson in 1974, they were used to construct links and plaquettes which are the fundamental parameters in lattice gauge theory. Wilson loops fall into the broader class of loop operators, with some other notable examples being 't Hooft loops, which are magnetic duals to Wilson loops, and Polyakov loops, which are the thermal version of Wilson loops. Definition To properly define Wilson loops in gauge theory requires considering the fiber bundle formulation of gauge theories. Here for each point in the d-dimensiona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilson Fermion
In lattice field theory, Wilson fermions are a fermion discretization that allows to avoid the fermion doubling problem proposed by Kenneth Wilson in 1974. They are widely used, for instance in lattice QCD calculations. An additional so-called Wilson term : S_W = -a^\sum_\frac\left(\bar\psi_x\psi_+\bar\psi_\psi_-2\bar\psi_x\psi_x\right) is introduced supplementing the naively discretized Dirac action in d-dimensional Euclidean spacetime with lattice spacing a, Dirac fields \psi_x at every lattice point x, and the vectors \hat \mu being unit vectors in the \mu direction. The inverse free fermion propagator in momentum space now reads : D(p) = m + \frac ia\sum_\mu \gamma_\mu\sin\left(p_\mu a\right)+\frac1a\sum_\mu\left(1-\cos\left(p_\mu a\right)\right)\, where the last addend corresponds to the Wilson term again. It modifies the mass m of the doublers to : m+\frac\, where l is the number of momentum components with p_\mu = \pi/a. In the continuum limit a\rightarr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
