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Kaminfegerkinder
''Spazzacamini'' (Italian for chimney sweep) was the term for child laborers in 19th- and early 20th-century Italy and Switzerland, where they were also known as ''Kaminfegerkinder'' in German-speaking areas. History and origin Most of the boys, usually 8 to 12 years old, were from the canton of Ticino, coveted by their ''padroni'' chimney sweepers because they were small and slim and therefore able to climb the narrow chimneys and to clean them. When the boys had reached the top of the chimneys, they had to shout "''Spazzacamini!''" to prove that they actually had climbed up the dark, stuffy fireplaces. The working conditions were catastrophic. For lunch, the children often had nothing to eat and had to go begging for bread, and they had often to sleep in stables. The boys were hired in the winter, so at the family tables in the badly developed valleys of Ticino one mouth less had to be fed. At that time, bitter poverty and hunger was widely spread in Ticino during the winter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Child Labour In Switzerland
Child labour in Switzerland was a fact in rural areas to the 1960s, at least tolerated by the Swiss authorities referring to the so-called '' Verdingkinder'', as up to 100,000 children were needed as cheap workers mostly on farms the decades before. Definition Referring to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. As of the 2010s, the practice of Child labour in principle is still tolerated, as at least small family-owned farms in Switzerland do need the help of their children on occasion of the harvests in late summer. That is the reason why in the more rural cantons there are still much longer summer holidays, granted by the governmental public schools, then in the urbanized cantons where there are usually five weeks summer holidays in July and August. 19th century: Industrialization As in many other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Die Schwarzen Brüder
''Die schwarzen Brüder'' ( en, The Black Brothers) is the best-known story of German-Swyss writers Lisa Tetzner and Kurt Held. Plot introduction The book was published in two volumes between 1940 and 1941, and tells the fact-based story of ''Giorgio'', a boy from Sonogno in the Verzasca Valley in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. In historical chronicles, the author had read of a ferry disaster drowning some 30 chimney sweeps boys (Italian '' Spazzacamini''). The boys were sold to the City of Milan for poverty in the middle of the 19th century. The novel was started by Lisa Tetzner, and finished by her husband Kurt Held (actually Kurt Kläber), though the latter remained uncredited being a political refugee in Swirzerland to escape from Nazism. Kläber later published the novel '' Die Rote Zora und ihre Bande.'' Plot Giorgio grew up in the small Ticino mountain village Sonogno. His parents were poor mountain farmers. One day his mother broke her leg, Giorgio was sold as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chimney Sweep
A chimney sweep is a person who clears soot and creosote from chimneys. The chimney uses the pressure difference caused by a hot column of gas to create a draught and draw air over the hot coals or wood enabling continued combustion. Chimneys may be straight or contain many changes of direction. During normal operation, a layer of creosote builds up on the inside of the chimney, restricting the flow. The creosote can also catch fire, setting the chimney (and potentially the entire building) alight. The chimney must be swept to remove the soot. In Great Britain, master sweeps took apprentices, typically workhouse or orphan boys, and trained them to climb chimneys. In the German States, master sweeps belonged to trade guilds and did not use climbing boys. In Italy, Belgium, and France climbing boys were used. The occupation requires some dexterity, and carries health risks. History The Tudors in England had established the risk of chimneys and an ordnance was created in 1582 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chimney Sweeper
A chimney sweep is a person who clears soot and creosote from chimneys. The chimney uses the pressure difference caused by a hot column of gas to create a draught and draw air over the hot coals or wood enabling continued combustion. Chimneys may be straight or contain many changes of direction. During normal operation, a layer of creosote builds up on the inside of the chimney, restricting the flow. The creosote can also catch fire, setting the chimney (and potentially the entire building) alight. The chimney must be swept to remove the soot. In Great Britain, master sweeps took apprentices, typically workhouse or orphan boys, and trained them to climb chimneys. In the German States, master sweeps belonged to trade guilds and did not use climbing boys. In Italy, Belgium, and France climbing boys were used. The occupation requires some dexterity, and carries health risks. History The Tudors in England had established the risk of chimneys and an ordnance was created in 158 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slavery In Europe
Slavery in Europe may refer to: * Atlantic slave trade (involving Europe) * Slavery in medieval Europe * Slavery in modern Europe Human trafficking in Europe is a regional phenomenon of the wider practice of trade in humans for the purposes of various forms of coercive exploitation. Human trafficking has existed for centuries all over the world, and follows from the earlier p ... * Slavery in circa-WWII Europe See also * :Slavery in Europe for a list of slavery by particular country topics {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Youth In Switzerland
Youth is the time of life when one is young. The word, youth, can also mean the time between childhood and adulthood ( maturity), but it can also refer to one's peak, in terms of health or the period of life known as being a young adult. Youth is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one, who is young". Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as youth is not defined chronologically as a stage that can be tied to specific age ranges; nor can its end point be linked to specific activities, such as taking unpaid work, or having sexual relations. Youth is an experience that may shape an individual's level of dependency, which can be marked in various ways according to different cultural perspectives. Personal experience is marked by an individual's cultural norms or traditions, while a youth's level of dependency means the extent to which they still rely on their family emotionally and economically. Terminology and definition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Society Of Switzerland
A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent of members. In the social sciences, a larger society often exhibits stratification or dominance patterns in subgroups. Societies construct patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or concepts as acceptable or unacceptable. These patterns of behavior within a given society are known as societal norms. Societies, and their norms, undergo gradual and perpetual changes. Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual bas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wiedergutmachungsinitiative
The Swiss children coercion reparation initiative (German: ''Wiedergutmachungsinitiative'') was a Swiss federal popular initiative to change the federal constitution, which was launched in April 2014. Summary In April 2014, the collection of Swiss citizens' signatures started, and at least 100,000 had signed by 1 October 2015. The popular initiative addressed the fate of forced child labourers in Switzerland, the so-called '' Verdingkinder'', a term formerly used in the Swiss-German language. Another "integration project," related to the so-called "misplaced persons," affected tens of thousands of juveniles, who were placed as labourers at Swiss farms, with low pay. Among them were also ''Fahrende'' or ''Jenisch'' juveniles affected by the then Swiss foundation '' Kinder der Landstrasse,'' though not their families. The initiative was actively supported by the ''Beobachter'', which revealed the fates of the ''Verdingkinder'' and the ''Kinder der Landstrasse'' foundation. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verdingkinder
Verdingkinder, "contract children",''Swiss grapple with history of forced child labor'' Associated Press, retrieved 24/11/2011 or "indentured child laborers"''Swiss 'contract children' speak out'' BBC, retrieved 19/1/2012; and Gianna Virginia Weber: "Das ’Verdingkind‘: Eine terminologische Annäherung" [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinder Der Landstrasse
Kinder der Landstrasse (literally: Children of the Country Road) was a project of the Swiss foundation Pro Juventute, active from 1926 to 1973. The focus of the project was the assimilation of the itinerant Yenish people in Switzerland by forcibly removing children from their parents, placing them in orphanages or foster homes. A total of about 590 children were affected by the program.''Le Temps'' (Geneva), December 12, 2007, "Le passé enfin écrit des enfants enlevés en Suisse", an historical study spanning the years from 1926 to 1973. History In 1926, Pro Juventute started – supported by the federal authorities and official institutions – systematically taking children away from Yenish families living in Switzerland and placing them in foster homes, psychiatric hospitals and even prisons. This so-called "re-education" had the goal of establishing Yenish families, and particularly the next generation, in a 'sedentary' lifestyle. After 47 years of those unremitting ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beobachter (magazine)
''Beobachter'' (''Observer''), also known by its former name ''Der Schweizerische Beobachter'', is a German-language Swiss magazine. Published in Zürich, its 26 issues a year focus on consumer, health and political content. History and profile The magazine was founded in 1926 by Max Ras as ''Der Schweizerische Beobachter'' and first distributed in 1927 as a free newspaper to all households in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. From the beginning, it was a political, but non-partisan struggle sheet, that took a position in favor of economically weakly positioned people. The newspaper fought for equal rights for women, fights rampant bureaucracy, and reveals scandals and hypocrisies. Through its populist style and the high number of readers, which in 1994 was over a million, ''Beobachter'' secured an extensive advertising volume within Switzerland. From 2007 respectively 2010 (against media and political protests), the low-priced subscription magazine was published fortnigh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
