|
Kurzrock–Miller Test
The Kurzrock–Miller test is an in-vitro test of sperm–mucus interaction. It consists of establishing an interface between cervical mucus and liquefied semen. It is one of the tests used for investigating infertility. Etymology The test is named after Raphael Kurzrock and Thomas Grier Miller. Interpretation # Negative test: Spermatozoa congregate on semen side of the interface, but do not penetrate it. # Abnormal: Spermatozoa penetrate the mucus, but rapidly become immobile or acquire shaking movement. # Poor: after penetration, spermatozoa do not progress farther than 500 μm. # Normal: Spermatozoa penetrate the mucus and >90% are motile with definite progression, crossing 3 cm at 30 minutes.Padubidri; Daftary (2011). ''Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology, 15e.'' p. 204. See also *Hamster egg penetration test *Postcoital test The postcoital test (PCT), also known as the Sims test, Huhner test or Sims–Huhner test, is a test in the evaluation of infertility. The test ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
In-vitro
''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology and its subdisciplines are traditionally done in labware such as test tubes, flasks, Petri dishes, and microtiter plates. Studies conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological surroundings permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis than can be done with whole organisms; however, results obtained from ''in vitro'' experiments may not fully or accurately predict the effects on a whole organism. In contrast to ''in vitro'' experiments, ''in vivo'' studies are those conducted in living organisms, including humans, and whole plants. Definition ''In vitro'' ( la, in glass; often not italicized in English usage) studies are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cervical Mucus
The cervix or cervix uteri (Latin, 'neck of the uterus') is the lower part of the uterus (womb) in the human female reproductive system. The cervix is usually 2 to 3 cm long (~1 inch) and roughly cylindrical in shape, which changes during pregnancy. The narrow, central cervical canal runs along its entire length, connecting the uterine cavity and the lumen of the vagina. The opening into the uterus is called the internal os, and the opening into the vagina is called the external os. The lower part of the cervix, known as the vaginal portion of the cervix (or ectocervix), bulges into the top of the vagina. The cervix has been documented anatomically since at least the time of Hippocrates, over 2,000 years ago. The cervical canal is a passage through which sperm must travel to fertilize an egg cell after sexual intercourse. Several methods of contraception, including cervical caps and cervical diaphragms, aim to block or prevent the passage of sperm through the cervical can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semen
Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic bodily fluid created to contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize the female ovum. Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle, which is located in the pelvis. The process that results in the discharge of semen from the urethral orifice is called ejaculation. In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa: proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa, and provide a medium through which they can move or "swim". The fluid is designed to be discharged deep into the vagina, so the spermatozoa can pass into the uterus and form a zygote with an egg. Semen is also a form of genetic material. In animals, semen has been collected for cryoconservation. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infertility
Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult, except notably among certain eusocial species (mostly haplodiploid insects). It is the normal state of a human child or other young offspring, because they have not undergone puberty, which is the body's start of reproductive capacity. In humans, infertility is the inability to become pregnant after one year of unprotected and regular sexual intercourse involving a male and female partner.Chowdhury SH, Cozma AI, Chowdhury JH. Infertility. Essentials for the Canadian Medical Licensing Exam: Review and Prep for MCCQE Part I. 2nd edition. Wolters Kluwer. Hong Kong. 2017. There are many causes of infertility, including some that medical intervention can treat. Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide about five percent of all heterosexual couples have an unresolved problem with infertility. Many more couples, however, experience involu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamster Egg Penetration Test
The hamster zona-free ovum test (HZFO test), or hamster egg-penetration test, or sometimes just hamster test, is an in-vitro test used to study physiological profile of spermatozoa. The primary application of the test is to diagnose male infertility caused by sperm unable to penetrate the ova. The test has limited value, due to expense and a high false negative rate. Procedure In this test, sperm are incubated with several hamster eggs. After seven to twenty hours, the number of sperm penetrations per egg is measured. The hamster eggs have had the zona pellucida, the outer membrane, removed—hence, ''zona-free''. Having all eggs penetrated by multiple sperm is considered to be a positive sign for fertility. Results suggest that men whose sperm fail the hamster test are a third as fertile than those whose sperm pass. Although medical professionals often present the procedure as unable to create an embryo, these claims are not technically correct. If the human sperm succe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Postcoital Test
The postcoital test (PCT), also known as the Sims test, Huhner test or Sims–Huhner test, is a test in the evaluation of infertility. The test examines interaction between spermatozoon, sperm and mucus of the cervix. The PCT examines sperm survival in cervical mucus and determines whether sperm are migrating into the female reproductive system. It does not predict whether pregnancy can occur. The test is performed 1 to 2 days before ovulation, when estrogen-stimulated cervical mucus is abundant. Basal body temperatures or the midcycle luteinizing hormone surge may be used to determine the timing of the PCT. Mucus is withdrawn from the endocervical canal within 8 hours of coitus and examined. The presence of any forwardly motile sperm in alkaline mucus suggests adequate coital technique and a normal cervical mucus–sperm interaction. Procedure The PCT is scheduled close to ovulation when mucus is abundant, and the infertile couple is asked to have sexual intercourse, preferably ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sperm–cervical Mucus Contact Test
The sperm–cervical mucus contact test is an in-vitro slide test used for detecting antispermal antibodies. It is one of the investigations done for infertility. It should not be confused with Kurzrock–Miller test, where there is interface between the two materials; whereas in this test the materials are thoroughly mixed. Procedure Equal quantities of sperm and mucus are mixed, so there is no interface. If there are antispermal antibodies present, more than 25% sperms show shaky movements.Padubidri; Daftary (2011). ''Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology, 15e.'' p. 204. Cross-checking the cervical mucus with another donor semen will confirm whether antibodies are cervical or seminal. See also *Hamster egg penetration test *Postcoital test The postcoital test (PCT), also known as the Sims test, Huhner test or Sims–Huhner test, is a test in the evaluation of infertility. The test examines interaction between spermatozoon, sperm and mucus of the cervix. The PCT examines sperm sur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fertility Medicine
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) is a surgical subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology that trains physicians in reproductive medicine addressing hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction as well as the issue of infertility. While most REI specialists primarily focus on the treatment of infertility, reproductive endocrinologists are trained to also test and treat hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility. Reproductive endocrinologists have specialty training (residency) in obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn) before they undergo sub-specialty training (fellowship) in REI. Reproductive surgery is a related specialty, where a physician in ob-gyn or urology further specializes to operate on anatomical disorders that affect fertility. Certification In a number of countries, the pathway to become a subspecialist in REI is regulated. Thus, in the United States, for instance, the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ABOG) and Ameri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
