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Kelabitic Languages
The Apo Duat or Dayic languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by the Kelabit, Lun Bawang The Lun Bawang (formerly known as Trusan Murut or Southern Murut) is an ethnic group found in Central Northern Borneo. They are indigenous to the southwest of Sabah (Interior Division), and the northern region of Sarawak (Limbang Division), high ..., and related peoples. They are: *Kelabitic: Kelabit, Lengilu, Sa'ban, Tring * Lundayeh: Lun Bawang, Adang, Balait, Kolur, Lepu Potng, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Padas, Trusan Putoh may be an additional language, or it may be a dialect of Lundayeh. References {{au-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of Borneo) to the south, and Brunei in the north. The capital city, Kuching, is the largest city in Sarawak, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Malaysia, Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of 2021, the population of Sarawak was estimated to be around 2.45 million. Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. It has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries, the Balui River ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Kalimantan
North Kalimantan ( id, Kalimantan Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. North Kalimantan borders the Malaysian states of Sabah to the north and Sarawak to the west, and by the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan to the south. Tanjung Selor serves as the capital of the province, while Tarakan is the largest city and the financial centre. Formed on 25 October 2012, North Kalimantan was separated from the province of East Kalimantan to reduce development disparity and Malaysia's influence over the territory. North Kalimantan covers 71,827.3 square kilometres and consists of four regencies and one city. It had a population of 524,656 at the 2010 Census and 701,784 at the 2020 Census, making it at that time the least populous province in Indonesia, although subsequently the creation of the new province of South Papua in 2022 has removed that position. The official estimate of population as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malayo-Polynesian Languages
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast Asia (Indonesian and Philippine Archipelago) and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia in the areas near the Malay Peninsula. Cambodia, Vietnam and the Chinese island Hainan serve as the northwest geographic outlier. Malagasy, spoken in the island of Madagascar off the eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, is the furthest western outlier. The languages spoken south-westward from central Micronesia until Easter Island are sometimes referred to as the Polynesian languages. Many languages of the Malayo-Polynesian family show the strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic, as the western part of the region has been a stronghold of Hinduism, Buddhism, and, later, Islam. Two morphological characteristics of the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Bornean Languages
The Greater North Borneo languages are a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The subgroup covers languages that are spoken throughout much of Borneo (excluding the southeastern area where the Greater Barito languages are spoken), as well as parts of Sumatra and Java, and Mainland Southeast Asia. The Greater North Borneo hypothesis was first proposed by Robert Blust (2010) and further elaborated by Alexander Smith (2017a, 2017b). The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical. The proposed subgroup covers some of the major languages in Southeast Asia, including Malay/Indonesian and related Malayic languages such as Minangkabau, Banjar and Iban; as well as Sundanese and Acehnese. In Borneo itself, the largest non-Malayic GNB language in terms of the number of speakers is Central Dusun, mainly spoken in Sabah. Since Greater North Borneo also includes the Malayic, Chamic, and Sundanese languages, it is incompatible with Alexander Adelaar's Malayo-S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Sarawakan Languages
The North Sarawakan languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in the northeastern part of the province of Sarawak, Borneo, and proposed in Blust (1991, 2010). ;North Sarawakan languages *Kenyah * Dayic languages (Apo Duat) * Berawan–Lower Baram *''Bintulu'' ''Ethnologue'' 16 adds Punan Tubu as an additional branch, and notes that Bintulu might be closest to Baram. The Melanau–Kajang languages were removed in Blust 2010. The Northern Sarawak languages are well known for strange phonological histories. Classification Smith (2017)Smith, Alexander. 2017. ''The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification''. PhD Dissertation: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. classifies the North Sarawakan languages as follows. *Bintulu * Berawan–Lower Baram **Berawan (various dialects) **Lower Baram (Miri, Kiput, Narum, Belait, Lelak, Lemeting, Dali’) * Dayic **Kelabit (Bario, Pa’ Dalih, Tring, Sa’ban, Long Seridan, Long Napir) **Lun Dayeh (Long Bawan, Long Semad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kelabit People
The Kelabit are an indigenous Dayak people of the Sarawak/ North Kalimantan highlands of Borneo with a minority in the neighbouring state of Brunei. They have close ties to the Lun Bawang. The elevation there is slightly over 1,200 meters. In the past, because there were few roads (only poorly maintained logging roads, which tended not to be too close to the Bario Highlands) and because the area was largely inaccessible by river because of rapids, the highlands and the Kelabit were relatively untouched by modern western influences. Now, however, there is a relatively permanent road route on which it is possible to reach Bario by car from Miri. The road is marked but driving without a local guide is not advisable, as it takes over 11 hours of driving to reach Bario from Miri through many logging trail junctions and river crossings. With a population of approximately 6,600 people (2013), the Kelabit comprise one of the smallest ethnic groups in Sarawak. Many have migrated t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lun Bawang
The Lun Bawang (formerly known as Trusan Murut or Southern Murut) is an ethnic group found in Central Northern Borneo. They are indigenous to the southwest of Sabah (Interior Division), and the northern region of Sarawak (Limbang Division), highlands of North Kalimantan ( Krayan, Malinau, Mentarang, and Long Bawan), Brunei ( Temburong District). In the Malaysian state of Sarawak, the Lun Bawang (through the term ''Murut'') are officially recognised by the Constitution as a native of Sarawak and are categorised under the Orang Ulu people; whilst in the neighbouring state of Sabah and Krayan highland in Kalimantan, they are sometimes named ''Lundayeh'' or ''Lun Daye''. In Brunei, they are also identified by law as one of the 7 natives (indigenous people) of Brunei, through the term ''Murut''. Nevertheless, in Sabah, Kalimantan, and Brunei, the term Lun Bawang is gaining popularity as a unifying term for this ethnicity across all regions. There are also other alternative nam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kelabit Language
Kelabit is one of the most remote languages of Borneo, on the Sarawak–North Kalimantan border. It is spoken by one of the smallest ethnicities in Borneo, the Kelabit people. Phonology Kelabit vowels are . All consonants but the aspirated voiced stops are lengthened after stressed . Stress generally occurs on the penultimate syllable. Kelabit is notable for having "a typologically rare series of true voiced aspirates" (that is, not breathy voice/murmured consonants; for some speakers they are prevoiced) along with modally voiced and tenuis consonants but without an accompanying series of voiceless aspirates. It is the only language known to have voiced aspirates or murmured consonants without also having voiceless aspirated consonants, a situation that has been reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European.See glottalic theory. At the end of a word, is pronounced . For some speakers, is affricated; in neighboring Lun Dayeh, the reflex of this consonant is an unaspirated affr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lengilu Language
Lengilu is a nearly extinct language of Indonesian Borneo. At present, there are only four native speakers of Lengilu. References {{au-lang-stub Apo Duat languages Languages of Indonesia Endangered Austronesian languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sa'ban Language
Sa’ban is one of the remoter languages of Borneo, on the Sarawak– Kalimantan border. The language is known as in the Sa'ban language. Classification Sa'ban is a member of the Apo Duat subgroup of languages, which also includes Kelabit, Lun Bawang/Lundayeh and Tring. Collectively, they belong to the North Sarawak subgroup of the Austronesian family. Today, the Sa'ban people live in Long Peluan, Long Banga' and Long Balong in Sarawak, Malaysia. There are also Sa'ban groups in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Phonology The Sa'ban language has several sounds that are rare among the world's languages. These include voiceless nasal and liquid consonants and a distinction between long and short vowels as well as long and short consonants. Some examples of words with voiceless nasals and liquids are given in the table below. They have a stative reading in contrast to long consonants: Bibliography * * Blust, Robert (2001). ‘Language, Dialect and Riotous Sound Change: The case o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tring Language
Tring is one of the languages of Borneo, in Sarawak, Malaysia. ''Ethnologue'' classifies the language as threatened. References Further reading * Sidney H. Ray. 1913The Languages of Borneo Sarawak Museum Journal 1(4). 1-196. * Robert Blust. 2010. The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis. Oceanic Linguistics 49(1). 44-118. External links * Kaipuleohone's Robert Blust Robert A. Blust (; ; May 9, 1940 – January 5, 2022) was an American linguist who worked in several areas, including historical linguistics, lexicography and ethnology. He was Professor of Linguistics at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. Blus ... collection includes written materials for Tring Apo Duat languages Languages of Malaysia Endangered Austronesian languages {{austronesian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lundayeh Language
Lun Bawang or is the language spoken by the Lun Bawangs. It belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian family. is an alternate name in East Kalimantan. History Lun Bawang is mainly an oral language. There is very little printed written material in this language that was not written by missionaries or linguists. The first published material written fully in Lun Bawang is a translation of the Bible from 1982, which is called . A Lun Bawang–English dictionary was constructed in 1969 by the University of Washington The University of Washington (UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast; it was established in Seattle a .... A dialect of the Lun Bawang language, Kemaloh Lundayeh, was compiled in 2006 into a bilingual dictionary of Lundayeh and English. Phonology There are 6 vowels, 19 consonants and 5 diphthongs in the Lun Bawang language. Accor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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