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KAUR (satellite Bus)
The KAUR (Russian: , Universal Spacecraft Series) was a very successful satellite bus designed and manufactured by ISS Reshetnev (then NPO PM). It is a pressurized bus originally developed in the 1960s, it has been used from low Earth Orbit to medium Earth orbit and even to GEO. It has four different generations and its different versions have been used from civilian communications to satellite navigation. Generations KAUR-1 The KAUR-1 was a pressurised cylinder with a diameter of 2 m, length of 3 m and weighed 800 kg. It had no propulsion system, and instead used a passive single-axis magneto-gravity stabilisation system. First generation of the bus, used on: * Tsyklon * Sfera * Parus * Tsikada KAUR-2 The KAUR-2 was designed by OKB-1 (and later Reshetnev Company) for the Molniya satellites. It was originally an experimental bus, but after successful missions, was put into production. The bus had a sealed 2.5 cubic meter internal volume to stabilize the temperature. Its attitud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KDU-414
The KDU-414 (''Russian Корректирующая Двигательная Установка'', Corrective Propulsion Unit), is a pressure-fed liquid rocket Propulsion Unit developed and produced by the Isayev Design Bureau (today known as KhimMash). From 1960 onward, it powered several unmanned Soviet Spacecraft, including the first series of Molniya satellites, several Kosmos satellites as well as the space probes Mars 1, Venera 1, Zond 2 and Zond 3, featured as a part of standardized spacecraft buses known as KAUR-2, 2MV and 3MV. The Corrective Propulsion Unit consists of a single chamber 'S5.19' liquid rocket engine and a conical thermal protection cowl containing the spherical propellant tank. A barrier splits the tank into two separate compartments, filled with the propellant, UDMH, and the oxidizer, IRFNA, respectively. This combination of propellants is hypergolic A hypergolic propellant is a rocket propellant combination used in a rocket engine, whose compone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Altair SR Relay Satellite
Altair is the brightest star in the constellation of Aquila and the twelfth-brightest star in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Aquilae, which is Latinised from α Aquilae and abbreviated Alpha Aql or α Aql. Altair is an A-type main-sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77 and is one of the vertices of the Summer Triangle asterism; the other two vertices are marked by Deneb and Vega. It is located at a distance of from the Sun. Altair is currently in the G-cloud—a nearby interstellar cloud, an accumulation of gas and dust. Altair rotates rapidly, with a velocity at the equator of approximately 286 km/s.From values of ''v'' sin ''i'' and ''i'' in the second column of Table 1, Monnier et al. 2007. This is a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of 400 km/s. A study with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer revealed that Altair is not spherical, but is flattened at the poles due ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ekran
: ''For the Soviet animation studio see page Studio Ekran'' Ekran (russian: "Экран", meaning ''"Screen"'') was a Soviet-Russian type of geostationary satellite, developed for a national system of Direct-To-Home television. The first satellite of Ekran series was launched on 26 October 1976. Each satellite in the Ekran series was designed to provide one TV and two radio program channels to cable TV systems throughout the USSR and to individual home receivers in northern Siberia. Ekran's downlink is in the Ultra high frequency (UHF) range. Early Ekran satellites used orbital positions in the range from 48° East to 95° East, but recent Ekran, including the current Ekran 20, have been stationed at 99° East. These 3-axis stabilized satellites carry a single 24 MHz, 200 watts transponder, feeding a 28 dB gain antenna transmitting on right-hand circular polarization to produce in Siberia in the range 50 to 55 dBW at 714 MHz. The corresponding feeder link uses left-hand c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communications Satellites
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a Transponder (satellite communications), transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a Radio receiver, receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. Many communications satellites are in geostationary orbit above the equator, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the satellite dish antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form satellite constellations in low Earth orbit, where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently. The high frequency radio waves used for telecommunications links travel by Line-of-sight propagation, line of sight and so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satellite Buses
A satellite or artificial satellite is an object intentionally placed into orbit in outer space. Except for passive satellites, most satellites have an electricity generation system for equipment on board, such as solar panels or radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Most satellites also have a method of communication to ground stations, called transponders. Many satellites use a standardized bus to save cost and work, the most popular of which is small CubeSats. Similar satellites can work together as a group, forming constellations. Because of the high launch cost to space, satellites are designed to be as lightweight and robust as possible. Most communication satellites are radio relay stations in orbit and carry dozens of transponders, each with a bandwidth of tens of megahertz. Satellites are placed from the surface to orbit by launch vehicles, high enough to avoid orbital decay by the atmosphere. Satellites can then change or maintain the orbit by propulsion, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Highly Elliptical Orbit
A highly elliptical orbit (HEO) is an elliptic orbit with high eccentricity, usually referring to one around Earth. Examples of inclined HEO orbits include Molniya orbits, named after the Molniya Soviet communication satellites which used them, and Tundra orbits. Such extremely elongated orbits have the advantage of long dwell times at a point in the sky during the approach to, and descent from, apogee. Bodies moving through the long apogee dwell appear to move slowly, and remain at high altitude over high-latitude ground sites for long periods of time. This makes these elliptical orbits useful for communications satellites. Geostationary orbits cannot serve high latitudes because their elevation above the horizon from these ground sites is too low. Sirius Satellite Radio used inclined HEO orbits, specifically the Tundra orbits, to keep two satellites positioned above North America while another satellite quickly sweeps through the southern part of its 24-hour orbit. The longit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ekspress (satellite Bus)
The Ekspress (Russian: ) is a highly flexible satellite bus designed and manufactured by ISS Reshetnev. It is an unpressurized bus originally designed for GEO, but that has been adapted for medium Earth orbit and to highly elliptical orbit. It has different versions and has been used from civilian communications to satellite navigation. Platform variations The Ekspress bus has two main platforms: the 1000 light to medium version and the 2000, for heavy satellites. There was a project for a third platform, the 4000, but it has not yet been used. Ekspress-1000 Series The Ekspress-1000 (Russian: ) in its different variations offers an platform for small to medium satellites. It is a direct to GEO bus for total spacecraft weights from to and having a power production from 3 kW to 8 kW with a life expectancy of 15 years. It is designed for directly stacking up to 3 of the smallest version (Ekspress-1000K) or 2 of the bigger ones. *Ekspress-1000K (Russian: ): The sm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ekspress (satellite Constellation)
Ekspress (Russian: , ''literally'' Express) is a communication and broadcasting system developed and operated by Russian Satellite Communications Company (RSCC). It is the largest network of Russia and its slots cover an arc in geostationary orbit from 14.0° West to 145.0° East. This allows it to cover the whole territory of Russia, the CIS, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, North and South America, and Australia. The only other Russian civilian satellite operator is Gazprom Space Systems with its Yamal constellation. Ekspress satellite series While the Ekspress constellation started with a single model, during the years it has used many suppliers and many models. See also * Telecommunications in Russia * Russian Satellite Communications Company – Satellite communication company of the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation and owner of the Ekspress satellite series. * Gazprom Space Systems – Satellite com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luch (satellite)
The ''Luch'' (russian: Луч; lit. ''Ray'') Satellite Data Relay Network (SDRN), also referred to as ''Altair'' and ''Gelios'', is a series of geosynchronous Russian relay satellites, used to transmit live TV images, communications and other telemetry from the Soviet/Russian space station ''Mir'', the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) of the International Space Station and other orbital spacecraft to the Earth, in a manner similar to that of the US Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. First generation The first generation of satellites was created by NPO-PM using the satellite platform KAUR-4 (its first use) and had the code name "Altair" (index GUKOS - 11F669). The system was conceived as part of the second generation of the Global Satellite Data Relay Network (Глобальная Космическая Командно-Ретрансляционная система (GKKRS)) and was developed by decree of the Soviet Council of Ministers of February 17, 1976 (the o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tselina (satellite)
Tselina () is a Russian military space-based radio surveillance system, originally developed in the former Soviet Union. It is capable of determining the exact location of radio-emitting objects and also their type, modes of operation, and how active they are. For instance, preparation for a military operation may raise the activity of the radio communications. Detection of these communications by a space-based surveillance system can provide early warning of this activity, warning that may be unavailable by other means. Variants Initially divided into "overview" (Tselina-O) and "detailed" (Tselina-D), since about 1980 the system has been integrated into a single satellite, Tselina-P, which is also known as Tselina-2. The system's primary subject is enemy radar equipment. Tselina has been numbered as part of the Kosmos series. In total 130 Tselina satellites have been launched. * Tselina-O satellites were launched using Kosmos-3M rockets. * Tselina-D used the Vostok-2M and l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potok (satellite)
Potok may refer to: Places Bulgaria * Potok, Bulgaria, a village in Gabrovo Province Croatia * Potok, Sisak-Moslavina County, a village Poland * Potok, Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland), a settlement * Potok, Kutno County in Łódź Voivodeship (central), a village * Potok, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central), a village * Potok, Lublin Voivodeship (east), a village * Potok, Lubusz Voivodeship (west), a village * Potok, Opatów County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central), a village * Potok, Podkarpackie Voivodeship (south-eastern), a village * Potok, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north), a settlement * Potok, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central), a village * Potok, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east) * Potok, Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central), a village Romania *Potok, the Hungarian name for Potoc village, Sasca Montană Commune, Caraş-Severin County, Romania Serbia * Potok (Prijepolje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
