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Jägala Concentration Camp
Jägala concentration camp was a labour camp of the Estonian Security Police and SD during the German occupation of Estonia during World War II. The camp was established in August 1942 on a former artillery range of the Estonian Army near the village of Jägala, Estonia. It existed from August 1942 to August 1943. Aleksander Laak, an Estonian was appointed by ''SS-Sturmbannführer'' Ain-Ervin Mere of Group B of the Estonian Security Police to command the camp with Ralf Gerrets as assistant. Officially Jägala was a "labour education camp" or "Arbeitserziehungslager" for forced forestry and field workers.Weiss-Wendt, p237 The camp housed Jews deported to Estonia from other countries, including Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland. About 3,000 Jews who were not selected for work at their arrival at Raasiku railway station were taken directly from the station and shot at the nearby Kalevi-Liiva extermination site. The camp never held more than 200 prisoners and had a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labour Camp
A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons (especially prison farms). Conditions at labor camps vary widely depending on the operators. Convention no. 105 of the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO), adopted internationally on 27 June 1957, abolished camps of forced labor. In the 20th century, a new category of labor camps developed for the imprisonment of millions of people who were not criminals ''per se'', but political opponents (real or imagined) and various so-called undesirables under communist and fascist regimes. Some of those camps were dubbed "reeducation facilities" for political coercion, but most others served as backbones of industry and agriculture for the benefit of the state, especially in times of war. Precursors Early-modern states could exploit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extraordinary State Commission
The Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Atrocities of the German Fascist Invaders and Their Accomplices and the Damage They Caused to Citizens, Collective Farms, Public Organizations, State Enterprises and Institutions of the USSR (ChGK) was the state commission of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War (also known as the Eastern Front of World War II). The commission was formed by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on November 2, 1942. The decree stipulated that the task of the ChGK was to "take full account of the villainous crimes of the Nazis and the damage they caused to Soviet citizens and the socialist state, to establish the identity of the German fascist criminals with the aim of bringing them to trial and severe punishment; unification and coordination of the work already carried out by the Soviet state bodies in this area." History The Commission's full ceremonial name was Extraordinary State Commis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generalbezirk Estland
Generalbezirk Estland (General District Estonia) was one of the four administrative subdivisions of '' Reichskommissariat Ostland'', the 1941-1945 civilian occupation regime established by Nazi Germany for the administration of the three Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and the western part of the Byelorussian SSR. Organization and Structure ''Generalbezirk Estland'' was the last of the four districts to be formally established on 5 December 1941. It was organized on the territory of German-occupied Estonia, which had until then been under the military administration of the ''Wehrmacht's'' Army Group North. The capital of ''Generalbezirk Estland'' was Tallinn (Reval). Administrative divisions ''Generalbezirk Estland'' had the following seven subdivisions called ''Kreisgebiete'' (County Areas). The seat of administration is in parentheses. *Arensburg (Kuressaare) *Dorpat ( Tartu) *Narwa ( Rakvere) *Pernau (Pärnu) *Petschur (Pechory) *Reval-Stadt (Tallinn) *Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jõelähtme Parish
Jõelähtme Parish ( et, Jõelähtme vald) is a rural municipality in Harju County, north-western Estonia. It had a population of 5,351 (as of 1 January 2012) and an area of , the population density is The administrative centre of Jõelähtme Parish is Jõelähtme village. It is located 20 km east from the centre of Estonia's capital, Tallinn. History Established in 1816. During World War II, 6,000 Jews and Roma were murdered by Estonian Nazi collaborators under German supervision. Mass executions were carried out on sand dunes called Kalevi-Liiva where a memorial has been erected. Local government Current mayor (') is Andrus Umboja and chairman of the council (') is Art Kuum. Religion Geography Settlements There are 2 small boroughs ( est: ''alevikud'', sg. - ''alevik'') and 34 villages ( est: ''külad'', sg. - ''küla'') in Jõelähtme Parish. Small boroughs: Kostivere, Loo. Villages: Aruaru, Haapse, Haljava, Ihasalu, Iru, Jägala, Jägala-Joa, Jà ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Concentration Camps In Estonia
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany. During Hitler's rise to power in 1930s Europe, it was frequently referred to as Hitlerism (german: Hitlerfaschismus). The later related term "neo-Nazism" is applied to other far-right groups with similar ideas which formed after the Second World War. Nazism is a form of fascism, with disdain for liberal democracy and the parliamentary system. It incorporates a dictatorship, fervent antisemitism, anti-communism, scientific racism, and the use of eugenics into its creed. Its extreme nationalism originated in pan-Germanism and the ethno-nationalist '' Völkisch'' movement which had been a prominent aspect of German nationalism since the late 19th century, and it was strongly influenced by the paramilitary groups that emerged after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Nazi-German Concentration Camps
According to the ''Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos'', there were 23 main concentration camps (german: Stammlager), of which most had a system of satellite camps. Including the satellite camps, the total number of Nazi concentration camps that existed at one point in time is at least a thousand, although these did not all exist at the same time.Karin Orth in ''Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, p. 195, fn 49 List of camps Early camps *Breitenau concentration camp *Breslau-Dürrgoy concentration camp *Esterwegen concentration camp *Kemna concentration camp *Lichtenburg concentration camp *Nohra concentration camp *Oranienburg concentration camp *Osthofen concentration camp *Sonnenburg concentration camp *Vulkanwerft concentration camp Main camps * Arbeitsdorf concentration camp * Auschwitz concentration camp **List of subcamps of Auschwitz * Bergen-Belsen concentration camp ** List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen * Buchenwald concentration camp **List of subcamps of B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaivara Concentration Camp
Vaivara was the largest of the 22 concentration and labor camps established in occupied Estonia by the Nazi regime during World War II. It had 20,000 Jewish prisoners pass through its gates, mostly from the Vilna and Kovno Ghettos, but also from Latvia, Poland, Hungary and the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Vaivara was one of the last camps to be established. It existed from August 1943 to February 1944. Creation On 21 June 1943, Heinrich Himmler ordered the liquidation of the remaining ghettos in the Baltic states. Subsequently, German occupation authorities met under the auspices of the Commander of the Security Police and SD in Reval (the German name for the Estonian capital Tallinn) in order to plan the establishment of forced labor camps for the oil-shale extraction operations of Baltöl, an IG Farben subsidiary. Beginning in August 1943, a series of concentration camps was established all over Estonia by the Organisation Todt. In September 1943, took over from t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klooga Concentration Camp
Klooga concentration camp was a Nazi forced labor subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp complex established in September 1943 in Harju County, during World War II, in German-occupied Estonia near the village of Klooga. The Vaivara camp complex was commanded by German officers Hans Aumeier, Otto Brennais and Franz von Bodmann and consisted of 20 field camps, some of which existed only for short periods. It is estimated that 1,800–2,000 prisoners perished at Klooga from wanton killings, epidemics and working conditions. Most of them were Jews. Those who survived were transported to the Stutthof concentration camp in occupied Poland ahead of the Soviet advance.Council of Europe"Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes in Estonia"''Teaching Remembrance''. Cached by Gigablast from www.coe.int LeafletEstonia.asp on 21 February 2009; retrieved 12 February 2015. The camp During the German occupation, Estonia was part of the Reichskommissariat Ostland, a German civilian administra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Holocaust In Estonia
The Holocaust in Estonia refers to the Nazi crimes during the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany, 1941-1944 occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany. Prior to the war, there were approximately 4,300 Estonian Jews. During the Occupation of the Baltic states, 1940-1941 Soviet occupation of Estonia, about 10% of the Jewish population was June deportation, deported to Siberia, along with other Estonians. Following the Operation Barbarossa, Axis invasion in 1941, approximately 75% of Estonian Jews, aware of the fate that awaited them from Nazi Germany, fled eastward into Russia and other parts of the Soviet Union. Virtually all of those Jews who remained (between 950 and 1,000 people) were killed by German units such as Einsatzgruppe A and/or local collaborators before the end of 1941. The Romani people in Estonia were also murdered and enslaved by the Nazi German occupiers and their collaborators. The Nazi German occupation authorities also killed around 6,000 ethnic Estonians and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolfgang Benz
Wolfgang Benz (born 9 June 1941) is a German historian from Ellwangen. He was the director of the Center for Research on Antisemitism of the Technische Universität Berlin between 1990 and 2011. Personal life Benz studied history, political science and art history in Frankfurt am Main, Kiel and Munich. In 1968 he completed his doctoral thesis on under the supervision of Karl Bosl at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. From 1969 till 1990, Benz worked at the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich. In 1985 he was co-founder and editor of ''Dachauer Hefte'' and since 1992 he also edits the ''Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung'' (''Yearbook for Research on Antisemitism''). He is also editor of the '' Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft''. (Both published by Metropol Verlag.) In 1986 he lectured at the University of New South Wales in Sydney. In 1992, Benz was awarded the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis and the ''Das politische Buch'' prize of the Friedrich Ebert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estonica
''Estonica'' is a comprehensive encyclopaedia on topics relating to Estonia, particularly the culture and history of Estonia. The project has been developed by Estonian Institute since 2000. It is sponsored by, among others, Tiigrihüpe. Materials of ''Estonica'' are available in Estonian as well as Russian and English, and are reusable under the terms of the Creative Commons Creative Commons (CC) is an American non-profit organization and international network devoted to educational access and expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has release ... Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license. References External links Official website {{encyclopedia-stub Estonian literature Encyclopedias of culture and ethnicity Estonian-language encyclopedias ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estonian International Commission For Investigation Of Crimes Against Humanity
The Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity (; also known as the History Commission or Max Jakobson Commission) was the commission established by President of Estonia Lennart Meri in October 1998 to investigate crimes against humanity committed in Estonia or against its citizens during the Soviet and German occupation, such as Soviet deportations from Estonia and the Holocaust in Estonia. It held its first session in Tallinn in January 1999. To promote independent inquiry and avoid conflict of interest, there were no Estonian citizens among its members. Finnish diplomat Max Jakobson was appointed chairman of the commission. Research of the Commission has been relied on by the European Court of Human Rights, for example in its decision to not grant certiorari to review a complaint by August Kolk and Pyotr Kislyy, who had been convicted of crimes against humanity due to their roles in the Soviet deportations from Estonia.Eesti Päevaleht 27 M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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