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Jade-Amicol Network
The Jade-Amicol network (French: ''Réseau Jade-Amicol'') was a French resistance network led by Claude Arnould and British officer Captain Philip Keun, created under the auspices of the British Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. It operated from 1940 to 1944. History After serving in World War I, in the inter-war period, Arnould had been a military attaché to Denmark and had been sent on various missions in Europe - he may have been a member of the '' Deuxième Bureau''. From the occupation by Nazi Germany and the time of the armistice of 22 June 1940, he continued in his official service role and was part of the '' :fr:Bureau des menées antinationales''. In October 1940, he met Father Antoine Dieuzayde at the ''Foyer Henri Bazire'' in Bordeaux. Dieuzayde was the Basque chaplain of the :fr:Association catholique de la jeunesse française who with Raymond Dupouy at the ''camp de Bernard Rollo'' in Barèges had a previous history of helping refugees ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régime during the World War II, Second World War. Resistance Clandestine cell system, cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis (World War II), Maquis in rural areas) who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allies of World War II, Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. The Resistance's men and women came from all economic levels and political leanings of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, Aristocratic family, aristocrats, conservative Catholic Church, Roman Catholics (including priests and Yvonne Beauvais, nuns), Protestantis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francoist Spain
Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spain transitioned into a democracy. During this time period, Spain was officially known as the Spanish State (). The nature of the regime evolved and changed during its existence. Months after the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and was proclaimed head of state on 1 October 1936, ruling a dictatorship over the territory controlled by the Nationalist faction. The 1937 Unification Decree, which merged all parties supporting the rebel side, led to Nationalist Spain becoming a single-party regime under the FET y de las JONS. The end of the war in 1939 brought the extension of the Franco rule to the whole country and the exile of Republican institutions. The Francoist dictatorshi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allies Of World War II
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China. Membership in the Allies varied during the course of the war. When the conflict broke out on 1 September 1939, the Allied coalition consisted of the United Kingdom, France, and Poland, as well as their respective dependencies, such as British India. They were soon joined by the independent dominions of the British Commonwealth: Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Consequently, the initial alliance resembled that of the First World War. As Axis forces began invading northern Europe and the Balkans, the Allies added the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Greece, and Yugoslavia. The Soviet Union, which initially had a nonaggression pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecclesiastical Polity
Ecclesiastical polity is the operational and governance structure of a church or of a Christian denomination. It also denotes the ministerial structure of a church and the authority relationships between churches. Polity relates closely to ecclesiology, the study of doctrine and theology relating to church organization. ''Ecclesiastical polity'' is defined as both the subject of ecclesiastical government in the abstract and the particular system of government of a specific Christian organization. The phrase is sometimes used in civil law. History Questions of ecclesiastical government are first documented in the first chapters of the '' Acts of the Apostles'' and "theological debate about the nature, location, and exercise of authority, in the church" has been ongoing ever since. The first act recorded after the Ascension of Jesus Christ was the election of Saint Matthias as one of the Twelve Apostles, to replace Judas Iscariot. The Twelve Apostles were the first to instan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Catholicism
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization.Gerald O'Collins, O'Collins, p. v (preface). The church consists of 24 Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Churches, ''sui iuris'' churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and Eparchy, eparchies located List of Catholic dioceses (structured view), around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the Papal supremacy, chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Lamirault
Claude Maurice Georges Lamirault (12 June 1918 – 27 May 1945) was an army officer, French Resistance member and intelligence officer. He was the leader and joint founder of the '' Jade-Fitzroy'' resistance network with Pierre Hentic. Biography He was born in the 16th arrondissement of Paris to Thérèse and Olivier Lamirault. His father was at that time a merchant. He spent his adolescent years in Maisons-Laffitte, where his parents ran a guest house. He became an activist for the far-right-wing monarchist group, '' Action Française'' in particular its network the ''Fédération nationale des Camelots du Roi''. On 10 July 1936, after being disrespectful at a ceremony by the Arc de Triomphe during which he punched a war-widow, he was sentenced to 10 days' imprisonment, suspended, and a 25-'' franc'' fine. He completed military service in the ''27e bataillon de chasseurs alpins''. On 5 March 1940, he married Denise Rousselot, daughter of a typesetter. He was mobilised to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jade-Fitzroy Network
The Jade-Fitzroy network was a World War II French Resistance network created by Claude Lamirault, supported by Pierre Hentic, under the overall control of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). It operated from 1941 to 1944. History Lamirault, a young Catholic activist, was unhappy at France's surrender to Nazi Germany. Impatient to contribute to the war effort, he left France for England via French North Africa and Gibraltar with friends Eugène Pérot and Pierre Giran. In London, they were turned away by de Gaulle's office but met resister Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves and were introduced to SIS staff. Following cypher and parachute training, Lamirault was dropped into Bracieux in January 1941 to begin creating an intelligence network. He was joined by Pierre Hentic, a left-wing activist with whom he'd trained as an alpine soldier. Lamirault's wife Denise, some of her family and other former alpine colleagues joined him. The name Jade-Fitzroy came from the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilfred Dunderdale
Commander Wilfred Albert "Biffy" Dunderdale, (24 December 1899 – 13 November 1990) was a British spy and intelligence officer.John Bruce Lockhart, "Dunderdale, Wilfred Albert (1899-1990)", rev., ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 It has been suggested that Dunderdale was used by Ian Fleming as a basis for the character of James Bond. Life Wilfred Dunderdale was born in Odessa, son of Richard Albert Dunderdale, a shipping magnate. Dunderdale served in the Royal Navy during the First World War, despite his thick accent. He worked for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) between 1921 and 1959. His work involved liaison with French intelligence (1926–40) and Polish intelligence (1940–45). Later moving to New York, he died there in November 1990. According to notes compiled by Stephen Dorril for his 1989 book, ''A Who's Who of the British State'', Dunderdale was a member of Boodle's. Notes Further reading * Matthew M. Aid, " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stewart Menzies
Major General Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, (; 30 January 1890 – 29 May 1968) was Chief of MI6, the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), from 1939 to 1952, during and after the Second World War. Early life, family Stewart Graham Menzies was born in England in 1890 into a wealthy family as the second son of John Graham Menzies and Susannah West Wilson, daughter of ship-owner Arthur Wilson of Tranby Croft. His grandfather, Graham Menzies, was a whisky distiller who helped establish a cartel and made huge profits. His parents became friends of King Edward VII. Menzies was a nephew of Robert Stewart Menzies. But Menzies' father was dissolute, never established a worthwhile career, and wasted his share of the family fortune; he died of tuberculosis in 1911 in his early 50s, leaving only a minimal estate. Menzies was educated at Eton College, becoming president of the student society Pop, and left in 1909. He excelled in sports, hunting and cross-country running. He won prizes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as '' Londinium'' and retains its medieval boundaries.See also: Independent city § National capitals The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which largely comprises Greater London, governed by the Greater London Authority.The Greater London Authority consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The London Mayor is distinguished fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free France
Free France (french: France Libre) was a political entity that claimed to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic. Led by French general , Free France was established as a government-in-exile in London in June 1940 after the Fall of France during World War II and fought the Axis as an Allied nation with its Free French Forces (). Free France also supported the resistance in Nazi-occupied France, known as the French Forces of the Interior, and gained strategic footholds in several French colonies in Africa. Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal Philippe Pétain led efforts to negotiate an armistice and established a German puppet state known as Vichy France. Opposed to the idea of an armistice, de Gaulle fled to Britain, and from there broadcast the Appeal of 18 June () exhorting the French people to resist the Nazis and join the Free French Forces. On 27 October 1940, the Empire Defense Counci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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