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Isectolophidae
Isectolophidae is a potentially paraphyletic family of browsing, herbivorous, mammals in the Perissodactyla suborder Ancylopoda that show long, curved and cleft claws A claw is a curved, pointed appendage found at the end of a toe or finger in most amniotes (mammals, reptiles, birds). Some invertebrates such as beetles and spiders have somewhat similar fine, hooked structures at the end of the leg or tarsus .... Chalicotheres Prehistoric mammal families {{paleo-oddtoedungulate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homogalax
''Homogalax'' (from the Greek "ομογάιαξ") is an extinct genus of tapir-like odd-toed ungulate. It was described on the basis of several fossil finds from the northwest of the USA, whereby the majority of the remains come from the state of Wyoming. The finds date to the Lower Eocene between 56 and 48 million years ago. In general, ''Homogalax'' was very small, only reaching the weight of today's peccaries, with a maximum of 15 kg. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the genus to be a basal member of the clade that includes today's rhinoceros and tapirs (collectively called Ceratomorpha). In contrast to these, ''Homogalax'' was adapted to fast locomotion.Holbrook, LT; Lucas, SG; and Emry, RJ; "Skulls of the Eocene Perissodactyls (Mammalia) ''Homogalax'' and ''Isectolophus''." ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24''. (4) 951-956. Description ''Homogalax'' was a small representative of the basal odd-toed ungulates. In general, it resembled other, basal forms of the order P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gandheralophus
''Gandheralophus'' is an extinct genus of isectolophid perissodactyl mammal known from the Eocene of Pakistan, with two known species: ''G. minor'' and ''G. robustus'', both described in 2012. Discovery ''Gandheralophus minor'' is known from the holotype GSP−UM 6770, a partial dentary with right third premolar to third molar in situ and from many other referred materials. The holotype was collected in the Gandhera Quarry, Balochistan Province of Pakistan, from the late early Eocene (Ypresian stage) of the upper part of the upper Ghazij Formation. ''G. robustus'' is known from the holotype GSP−UM 6768, a partial jaw and from other referred materials. All specimens attributed to ''Gandheralophus'' represent partial dentaries and lower jaws, and came from the Ypresian stage of the upper part of the upper Ghazij Formation. Etymology ''Gandheralophus'' was first named by Pieter Missiaen and Philip D. Gingerich in 2012 and the type species is ''Gandheralophus min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancylopoda
Ancylopoda is a group of browsing, herbivorous, mammals in the Perissodactyla that show long, curved and cleft claws. Morphological evidence indicates the Ancylopoda diverged from the tapirs, rhinoceroses and horses ( Euperissodactyla) after the Brontotheria; however, earlier authorities such as Osborn sometimes considered the Ancylopoda to be outside Perissodactyla or, as was popular more recently, to be related to Brontotheriidae. ''Macrotherium'', which is typically from the middle Miocene of Sansan, in Gers, France, may indicate a distinct genus. Limb-bones resembling those of Macrotherium, but relatively stouter, have been described from the Pliocene beds of Attica and Samos as ''Ancylotherium''. In the Americas, the names ''Morothorium'' and ''Moropus ''Moropus'' (meaning "slow foot") is an extinct genus of large perissodactyl ("odd-toed" ungulate) mammal in the chalicothere family. They were endemic to North America during the Miocene from ~20.4—13.6 Mya, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Systemodon
''Systemodon'' is a genus of early Eocene mammal of Wasatchian age (ca. 55-50 mya). It was one of many mammals originally considered the earliest horses, long classified in the genus '' Hyracotherium'' (commonly known as ''Eohippus''). These were dog-sized animals that in life would have looked vaguely like a paca, mara, or chevrotain (though they were perissodactyls, not rodents or artiodactyls.) The type species, ''S. tapirinus'', is represented by 24 individuals from a locale called the Castillo pocket in the Huerfano Formation of Colorado. This well-preserved deposit allows researchers to reconstruct aspects of the environment and lifestyle of the species. Taxonomy The genus was named by E.D. Cope in 1875, who recognized it as different from ''Hyracotherium'' and a basal perissodactyl. It was later believed to be an equid and referred to ''Hyracotherium'' (''Hyracotherium tapirinum'', incl. ''H. cristatum'' Wortman 1896, also =''Orohippus tapirinus''). A 1984 analysis re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic group (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of Synapomorphy and apomorphy, synapomorphies and symplesiomorphy, symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term was coined by Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family ( la, familia, plural ') is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbivorous
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material. A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria. Etymology Herbivore is the anglicized form of a modern Latin coinage, ''herbivora'', cited in Charles Lyell's 1830 ''Principles of Geology''.J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner, eds. (2000) ''The Oxford English Dictionary'', vol. 8, p. 155. Richard Owen employed the anglicized term in an 1854 work on fossil teeth and skeletons. ''Herbivora'' is derived from Latin ''herba' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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