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Ischtiraki
Friedrich Schrader (19 November 1865 – 28 August 1922) was a German philologist of oriental languages, orientalist, art historian, writer, social democrat, translator and journalist. He also used the pseudonym Ischtiraki (Arabic/ Ottoman for "the socialist"). He lived from 1891 until 1918 in Istanbul. Life Studies in Magdeburg and Halle (1865-1891) Born in Wolmirstedt, Prussia, Friedrich Schrader passed his Abitur at the Domgymnasium Magdeburg. After studies of Oriental Languages and art history at the University of Halle he wrote his Ph. D. thesis on a translation of the " Karmapradipa" (an important Vedic sutra) into German. The work was done under the supervision of Professor Richard Pischel, at that time the most eminent scholar on vedic languages. Teacher in Constantinople (1891-1907) In 1891 Schrader took a position as a lecturer for German language and literature at Robert College in Bebek, close to Constantinople, where he lived with his family on the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ischtiraki
Friedrich Schrader (19 November 1865 – 28 August 1922) was a German philologist of oriental languages, orientalist, art historian, writer, social democrat, translator and journalist. He also used the pseudonym Ischtiraki (Arabic/ Ottoman for "the socialist"). He lived from 1891 until 1918 in Istanbul. Life Studies in Magdeburg and Halle (1865-1891) Born in Wolmirstedt, Prussia, Friedrich Schrader passed his Abitur at the Domgymnasium Magdeburg. After studies of Oriental Languages and art history at the University of Halle he wrote his Ph. D. thesis on a translation of the " Karmapradipa" (an important Vedic sutra) into German. The work was done under the supervision of Professor Richard Pischel, at that time the most eminent scholar on vedic languages. Teacher in Constantinople (1891-1907) In 1891 Schrader took a position as a lecturer for German language and literature at Robert College in Bebek, close to Constantinople, where he lived with his family on the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolmirstedt
Wolmirstedt () is a town in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is located 14 km north of Magdeburg, on the river Ohre. The town Wolmirstedt consists of Wolmirstedt proper and the ''Ortschaften'' (municipal divisions) Elbeu, Farsleben, Glindenberg and Mose.Hauptsatzung der Stadt Wolmirstedt May 2020. History *1009 first documentary mention *1274 Ruthger appointed of Wolmirstedt *1348 the Emperor Charles IV stays in the town; issues decree releasing the burghers o ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdul Hamid II
Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid II ( ota, عبد الحميد ثانی, Abd ül-Hamid-i Sani; tr, II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 10 February 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 31 August 1876 to 27 April 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. The time period which he reigned in the Ottoman Empire is known as the Hamidian Era. He oversaw a Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, period of decline, with rebellions (particularly in the Balkans), and he presided over Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), an unsuccessful war with the Russian Empire (1877–1878) followed by a successful Greco-Turkish War (1897), war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897, though Ottoman gains were tempered by subsequent Western European intervention. In accordance with an agreement made with the Republican Young Ottomans, he promulgated the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire's first Constitution, which was a sign of progressive th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerson Von Bleichröder
Gerson von Bleichröder (22 December 1822 – 18 February 1893) was a Jewish German banker. Bleichröder was born in Berlin. He was the eldest son of Samuel Bleichröder, who founded the banking firm of S. Bleichröder in 1803 in Berlin. Gerson first joined the family business in 1839. In 1855 upon the death of his father, Gerson became the head of the banking firm. The bank maintained close contacts with the Rothschild family; the banking house of Bleichröder acted as a branch office in Berlin of the Rothschilds' bank. Traditionally, the Rothschilds represented the banking interests of the Austrian-controlled German Confederation in Europe. In the conflict between the rapidly rising and expanding nation of Kingdom of Prussia and the "pro-Austrian" German Confederation, the Rothschild Bank was largely caught in an uncomfortable position in the middle of the conflict. Meeting Bismarck Since 1851, Otto von Bismarck had been serving as the Prussian ambassador to the German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baghdad Railway
Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon. In 762 CE, Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Baghdad was the largest city in the world for much of the Abbasid era during the Islamic Golden Age, peaking at a population of more than a million. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osmanischer Lloyd
The Osmanischer Lloyd was a German-Language daily newspaper in Ottoman Constantinople which was founded after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 and existed until 1918. Between 1908 and 1915 the newspaper was published as bilingual outlet, with each issue having two pages containing French articles. From November 1915 onwards, there were two 4-page newspapers, one in German and another in French. The funding was provided by the German companies Krupp and the Deutsche Bank. History During its existence, it had six different chief editors of which E. M. Grunwald who lasted the longest, from November 1908 to March 1914. Grunwald was dismissed following constant criticism by the German ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim over the leadership of the newspaper. Notable contributors and staff members included Friedrich Schrader and Max Rudolf Kaufmann. The following editors in chief all were not directing the newspaper to the satisfaction to the German embassy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Religions
Iranian religions also known as Persian religions are, in the context of comparative religion, a grouping of religious movements that originated in the Iranian (Persian) plateau (or Greater Iran). Background The beliefs, activities, and cultural events of the ancient Iranians in ancient Iran are complex matters. The ancient Iranians made references to a combination of several Aryans and non-Aryan tribes. Aryans, or ancient Iranians, worshiped natural elements such as the sun, sunlight and thunder, but they eventually shifted their attention mostly to a single god, whilst acknowledging others. The Iranian ancient prophet, Zoroaster, reformed Iranian religious beliefs to a form of henotheism/monotheism. The Gathas, hymns of Zoroaster's Avesta, brought monotheistic ideas to Persia, while through the Yashts and Yasna, mentions are made to polytheism and earlier creeds. The Vedas and the Avesta have both served researchers as important resources in discovering early Aryan beliefs and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baku
Baku (, ; az, Bakı ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. Baku lies on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, alongside the Bay of Baku. Baku's urban population was estimated at two million people as of 2009. Baku is the primate city of Azerbaijan—it is the sole metropolis in the country, and about 25% of all inhabitants of the country live in Baku's metropolitan area. Baku is divided into twelve administrative raions and 48 townships. Among these are the townships on the islands of the Baku Archipelago, and the town of Oil Rocks built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, away from Baku. The Inner City of Baku, along with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower, were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. The c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade School, 1904 Baku
Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market. An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services, i.e. trading things without the use of money. Modern traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and letter of credit, paper money, and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade involving more than two traders is called multilateral trade. In one modern view, trade exists due to specialization and the division of labour, a predominant form of economic activity in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production, but use their output in trades for other products ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Constitutional Era
The Second Constitutional Era ( ota, ایكنجی مشروطیت دورى; tr, İkinci Meşrutiyet Devri) was the period of restored parliamentary rule in the Ottoman Empire between the 1908 Young Turk Revolution and the 1920 dissolution of the General Assembly, during the empire's twilight years. The absolutist rule of Sultan Abdulhamid II had been opposed by the Young Turks, an underground movement of reformists which called for the restoration of constitutional monarchy. In 1908, a faction within the Young Turks called the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) forced Abdulhamid II to restore the liberal constitution of 1876 and the General Assembly in the Young Turk Revolution. Abdul Hamid had previously suspended the parliament and constitution in 1878, two years after they had been introduced. Whereas the short First Constitutional Era lacked political parties, the second era initially featured unprecedented political pluralism within the empire and openly contested elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Die Neue Zeit
''Die Neue Zeit'' (German: "The New Times") was a German socialist theoretical journal of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) that was published from 1883 to 1923. Its headquarters was in Stuttgart, Germany. History and profile Founded by leading socialist politicians and theorists, the magazine's first edition was released on 1 January 1883. After the abolition of the Anti-Socialist Laws, the magazine was transformed from a monthly into a weekly on 1 October 1890. In 1901 it became the official magazine of the SPD and its property. The magazine's decline and end came with the hyperinflation of the 1920s. It became the most important organ of the SPD, competing with '' Sozialistische Monatshefte''. It was edited by Karl Kautsky and Emanuel Wurm until their withdrawal from the SPD in 1917. Following that, Heinrich Cunow took over as its chief editor. ''Die Neue Zeit'' was succeeded by ', of which the first issue was published on 1 April 1924. Austrian socialist theore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
