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Interaction Of Radiation With Matter
Interaction is action that occurs between two or more objects, with broad use in philosophy and the sciences. It may refer to: Science * Interaction hypothesis, a theory of second language acquisition * Interaction (statistics) * Interactions of actors theory, created by cybernetician Gordon Pask * Fundamental interaction, in physics * Human–computer interaction * Social interaction between people Biology * Biological interaction * Cell–cell interaction * Drug interaction * Gene–environment interaction * Protein–protein interaction Chemistry * Aromatic interaction * Cation-pi interaction * Metallophilic interaction Arts and media * ''Interaction'' (album), 1963, by Art Farmer's Quartet * ACM ''Interactions'', a magazine published by the Association for Computing Machinery * "Interactions" (''The Spectacular Spider-Man''), an episode of the animated television series * 63rd World Science Fiction Convention, titled ''Interaction'' See also * * * Interact (disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interaction Hypothesis
The interaction hypothesis is a theory of second-language acquisition which states that the development of language proficiency is promoted by face-to-face interaction and communication. Its main focus is on the role of input, interaction, and output in second language acquisition.Gass, S. M., and Mackey, A. (2007). Input, interaction, and output in second language acquisition. In B. VanPatten and J. Williams (Eds.), ''Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction'' (pp. 175-199). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. It posits that the level of language that a learner is exposed to must be such that the learner is able to comprehend it, and that a learner modifying their speech so as to make it comprehensible facilitates their ability to acquire the language in question.Lightbown, P. M. & Spada, N. (2013). ''How Languages are Learned'' (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. The idea existed in the 1980s, and has been reviewed and expanded upon by a number of other scholars b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein–protein Interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a specific biomolecular context. Proteins rarely act alone as their functions tend to be regulated. Many molecular processes within a cell are carried out by molecular machines that are built from numerous protein components organized by their PPIs. These physiological interactions make up the so-called interactomics of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of multiple aggregation-related diseases, such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob and Alzheimer's diseases. PPIs have been studied with many methods and from different perspectives: biochemistry, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, signal trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interactions (The Spectacular Spider-Man)
"Interactions" is the second episode of the animated television series ''The Spectacular Spider-Man,'' based on the comic book character Spider-Man created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. The episode sees Spider-Man confronting the supervillain Electro, whose body was corrupted with electricity after a freak lab accident. Directed by Troy Adomitis, "Interactions" was written by Kevin Hopps, who researched all the available comic books he had that featured Electro. The character's appearance in the episode draws on his traditional comic book style, though designer Victor Cook emphasized the color green and removed the character's customary star-shaped mask. His voice actor, Crispin Freeman, sought to reflect the character's declining sanity in his vocal style. "Interactions" first aired March 8, 2008, on the Kids' WB block of The CW network, following the first episode. Its 1.4/4 Nielsen rating was higher than that of the pilot, "Survival of the Fittest". The episode received mixed r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACM Interactions
ACM ''Interactions'' magazine is a publication covering a number of related worlds, offering content to educate and inspire designers, providing viewpoints related to culture and anthropology, describing innovation and creation in a business environment, and continually investigating the relationship between people, experiences, and technology. Its publisher is the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), which has its headquarters in New York City. Bibliometrics As of December 28 2016: * Citation Count: 6,906 * Downloads (cumulative): 1,404,167 * Downloads (12 Months): 98,227 * Downloads (6 Weeks): 12,567 History First published in 1994, ''Interactions'' initially appeared quarterly, and moved to bi-monthly in 1996. Since 2000, SIGCHI ACM's Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction has included a subscription to ''Interactions'' among its benefits of membership. ''Interactions'' is the third largest ACM publication, and receives the second most citations, accordi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interaction (album)
''Interaction'' is an album by Art Farmer's Quartet featuring guitarist Jim Hall. It was recorded in 1963 and originally released on the Atlantic label.Art Farmer discography accessed June 20, 2012 Track listing # " Days of Wine and Roses" (, ) - 6:49 # "By Myself" ( |
Metallophilic Interaction
In chemistry, a metallophilic interaction is defined as a type of non-covalent attraction between heavy metal atoms. The atoms are often within Van der Waals distance of each other and are about as strong as hydrogen bonds. The effect can be intramolecular or intermolecular. Intermolecular metallophilic interactions can lead to formation of supramolecular assemblies whose properties vary with the choice of element and oxidation states of the metal atoms and the attachment of various ligands to them. The nature of such interactions remains the subject of vigorous debate with recent studies emphasizing that the metallophilic interaction is repulsive due to strong metal-metal Pauli exclusion principle repulsion. Nature of the interaction Previously, this type of interaction was considered to be enhanced by relativistic effects. A major contributor is electron correlation of the closed-shell components, which is unusual because closed-shell atoms generally have negligible inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aromatic Interaction
In chemistry, pi stacking (also called π–π stacking) refers to the presumptive attractive, noncovalent pi interactions ( orbital overlap) between the pi bonds of aromatic rings. However this is a misleading description of the phenomena since direct stacking of aromatic rings (the "sandwich interaction") is electrostatically repulsive. What is more commonly observed (see figure to the right) is either a staggered stacking (parallel displaced) or pi-teeing (perpendicular T-shaped) interaction both of which are electrostatic attractive For example, the most commonly observed interactions between aromatic rings of amino acid residues in proteins is a staggered stacked followed by a perpendicular orientation. Sandwiched orientations are relatively rare. Pi stacking is repulsive as it places carbon atoms with partial negative charges from one ring on top of other partial negatively charged carbon atoms from the second ring and hydrogen atoms with partial positive charges on top of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene–environment Interaction
Gene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. A norm of reaction is a graph that shows the relationship between genes and environmental factors when phenotypic differences are continuous. They can help illustrate GxE interactions. When the norm of reaction is not parallel, as shown in the figure below, there is a gene by environment interaction. This indicates that each genotype responds to environmental variation in a different way. Environmental variation can be physical, chemical, biological, behavior patterns or life events. Gene–environment interactions are studied to gain a better understanding of various phenomena. In genetic epidemiology, gene–environment interactions are useful for understanding some diseases. Sometimes, sensitivity to environmental risk factors for a disease are inherited rather than the disease itself being inherited. Individual ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interaction (statistics)
In statistics, an interaction may arise when considering the relationship among three or more variables, and describes a situation in which the effect of one causal variable on an outcome depends on the state of a second causal variable (that is, when effects of the two causes are not additive). Although commonly thought of in terms of causal relationships, the concept of an interaction can also describe non-causal associations (then also called moderation or effect modification). Interactions are often considered in the context of regression analyses or factorial experiments. The presence of interactions can have important implications for the interpretation of statistical models. If two variables of interest interact, the relationship between each of the interacting variables and a third "dependent variable" depends on the value of the other interacting variable. In practice, this makes it more difficult to predict the consequences of changing the value of a variable, particu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug Interaction
Drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is disturbed by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. The cause is often the inhibition of the specific receptors available to the drug, forcing the drug molecules to bind to other non-intended targets which results in an array of side-effects. The term selectivity describes a drug’s ability to target a single receptor, rendering a predictable physiological response. For example, the binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic tracheal smooth-muscle receptors (M3) results in smooth muscle contractions. When free receptors become occupied by agonists - drugs that bind and activate receptors - and antagonists - drugs that inhibit/ block activation - the opportunity for drugs to target their intended receptor decreases as most receptors are already occupied. Therefore, when the number of free receptors decreases, the drugs begin binding to other secondary receptors, causing s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell–cell Interaction
Cell–cell interaction refers to the direct interactions between cell surfaces that play a crucial role in the development and function of multicellular organisms. These interactions allow cells to communicate with each other in response to changes in their microenvironment. This ability to send and receive signals is essential for the survival of the cell. Interactions between cells can be stable such as those made through cell junctions. These junctions are involved in the communication and organization of cells within a particular tissue. Others are transient or temporary such as those between cells of the immune system or the interactions involved in tissue inflammation. These types of intercellular interactions are distinguished from other types such as those between cells and the extracellular matrix. The loss of communication between cells can result in uncontrollable cell growth and cancer. Stable interactions Stable cell-cell interactions are required for cell adhesion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
