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Integration (tax)
Integration is a feature of tax systems that apply the same effective tax rate to income no matter whether it is taxed inside the corporation or given to shareholders to be taxed as personal income. Integration may be partial or complete. Complete integration would treat corporate income as flowing through to shareholders, while partial integration only treats some income—often from dividends—this way. Integration systems have been implemented, often in the form of a dividend tax credit, in many national tax systems. Forms Integration may be partial or complete. Complete integration occurs when a corporation functions, for tax purposes, as a flow-through entity: all income received by the corporation, whether retained by it or distributed to shareholders, would be treated as shareholders' income. In such a system, according to Sijbren Cnossen, all corporate tax would be treated like a prepayment of individual income tax for which shareholders would be credited on their pers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tax Rate
In a tax system, the tax rate is the ratio (usually expressed as a percentage) at which a business or person is taxed. There are several methods used to present a tax rate: statutory, average, marginal, and effective. These rates can also be presented using different definitions applied to a tax base: inclusive and exclusive. Statutory A statutory tax rate is the legally imposed rate. An income tax could have multiple statutory rates for different income levels, where a sales tax may have a flat statutory rate. The statutory tax rate is expressed as a percentage and will always be higher than the effective tax rate. Average An average tax rate is the ratio of the total amount of taxes paid to the total tax base (taxable income or spending), expressed as a percentage. * Let t be the total tax liability. * Let i be the total tax base. ::= \frac. In a proportional tax, the tax rate is fixed and the average tax rate equals this tax rate. In case of tax brackets, commonly used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Tax Journal
The National Tax Association - Tax Institute of America (NTA) is a US non-profit, non-partisan organization committed to the study and discussion of public taxation, spending, and borrowing decisions by governments around the world. Since its founding in 1907, the NTA has remained the leading association of tax professionals and public finance scholars devoted to advancing the theory and practice of public finance. Its focus remains on education rather than political debate. The organization educates government officials, tax professionals, and the general public. The National Tax Association was founded in Ohio in 1907 by a group of "nearly 100 lawyers, university professors, business leaders, and government administrators". The organization's initial goal was to advocate for tax reform with the goal of creating alternate taxation models which could then be adopted by municipalities. However, due to a long-term lack of consensus on how to replace the property tax A property ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Economic Perspectives
The ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' (JEP) is an economic journal published by the American Economic Association. The journal was established in 1987. It is very broad in its scope. According to its editors its purpose is: #to synthesize and integrate lessons learned from active lines of economic research; #to provide economic analysis of public policy issues; to encourage cross-fertilization of ideas among the fields of thinking; #to offer readers an accessible source for state-of-the-art economic thinking; #to suggest directions for future research; #to provide insights and readings for classroom use; #and to address issues relating to the economics profession.'' Its current editor is Heidi Williams, and its managing editor A managing editor (ME) is a senior member of a publication's management team. Typically, the managing editor reports directly to the editor-in-chief and oversees all aspects of the publication. United States In the United States, a managing edit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States). It was established in 1962. History The MIT Press traces its origins back to 1926 when MIT published under its own name a lecture series entitled ''Problems of Atomic Dynamics'' given by the visiting German physicist and later Nobel Prize winner, Max Born. Six years later, MIT's publishing operations were first formally instituted by the creation of an imprint called Technology Press in 1932. This imprint was founded by James R. Killian, Jr., at the time editor of MIT's alumni magazine and later to become MIT president. Technology Press published eight titles independently, then in 1937 entered into an arrangement with John Wiley & Sons in which Wiley took over marketing and editorial responsibilities. In 1962 the association with Wiley came to an end after a further 125 titles had been published. The press acquired its modern name af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osgoode Hall Law Journal
The ''Osgoode Hall Law Journal'' () is a law review affiliated with Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, Toronto, Canada Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho .... It has been publishing continuously since 1958. References External links *{{official website, http://www.ohlj.ca/ Canadian law journals Publications established in 1958 English-language journals 1958 establishments in Ontario Osgoode Hall Law School ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Chicago Law Review
The ''University of Chicago Law Review'' ( Maroonbook abbreviation: ''U Chi L Rev'') is the flagship law journal published by the University of Chicago Law School. It is among the top five most cited law reviews in the world. Up until 2020, it utilized a different citation system than most law journals—the Maroonbook rather than the Bluebook. ''At the Bar'', David Margolick, ''New York Times''. The Law Review has announced, however, that it will be switching to the more commonly used . It is published quarterly in print and also has an online companion, ''The University of Chicago Law Review Online''. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press A university press is an academic publishing house specializing in monographs and scholarly journals. Most are nonprofit organizations and an integral component of a large research university. They publish work that has been reviewed by schola ... in the world. It is also the King's Printer. Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher. It became part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment, following a merger with Cambridge Assessment in 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 Country, countries, it publishes over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries. Its publishing includes more than 380 academic journals, monographs, reference works, school and uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Undistributed Profits Tax
The undistributed profits tax was enacted in 1936 by the United States administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), during the Great Depression. The UP tax was a revenue program for FDR's New Deal. The act was controversial even within FDR's United States Treasury Department, as some economists such as Alfred G. Buehler thought that it would harm the ability of business to put capital towards company growth. In particular, Buehler reasoned that the UP tax would hit small business especially hard, as smaller businesses have fewer options in raising capital than large ones, usually by keeping a percentage of their profits for re-investment back into the business. The UP Tax was part of FDR's "Second New Deal". The bill established the principle that retained corporate earnings could be taxed. The idea was to force businesses to distribute profits in dividend and wages, instead of saving or reinvesting them. In the end, Congress watered down the bill, setting the tax rates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxation In New Zealand
Taxes in New Zealand are collected at a national level by the Inland Revenue Department (IRD) on behalf of the Government of New Zealand. National taxes are levied on personal and business income, and on the supply of goods and services. Capital gains tax applies in limited situations, such as the sale of some rental properties within 10 years of purchase. Some "gains" such as profits on the sale of patent rights are deemed to be income – income tax does apply to property transactions in certain circumstances, particularly speculation. There are currently no land taxes, but local property taxes (rates) are managed and collected by local authorities. Some goods and services carry a specific tax, referred to as an excise or a duty, such as alcohol excise or gaming duty. These are collected by a range of government agencies such as the New Zealand Customs Service. There is no social security (payroll) tax. New Zealand went through a major program of tax reform in the 1980s. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenneth Carter (accountant)
Kenneth Le Mesurier Carter (21 June 1906 – 11 May 1969) was a Canadian chartered accountant. He is best known for his work as chair of the Royal Commission on Taxation conducted in the 1960s, known as the "Carter Commission". Biography Carter was born in Montreal, Quebec, on 21 June 1906. He studied in commerce at McGill University, graduating in 1925. He obtained his degree as a chartered accountant at the same school in 1928. He married Marshall Murdoch, great-great granddaughter of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States. He became a partner at McDonald, Currie & Co., a Toronto-based accountancy firm which later joined the Canadian branch of PwC, in 1935. He served on the boards of various organizations, including as chairman of the board of governors of the Canadian Tax Foundation The Canadian Tax Foundation was founded in 1945 as an independent, non-partisan, non-profit tax research organization under the joint sponsorship of the Canadian Institute of Charte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
