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Institut D'Estudis Occitans
The Institut d'Estudis Occitans (English: Occitan Studies Institute or Institute for Occitan Studies; ), or IEO, is a cultural association that was founded in 1945 by a group of Occitan and French writers including Jean Cassou, Tristan Tzara, Ismaël Girard, Max Roqueta, Renat Nelli, and Pierre Rouquette. It aims at both maintaining and developing the Occitan language and influence of Occitania through the supervision, harmonization and normalization of everything dealing with the Occitan life and culture. The IEO is divided into regional and departmental sections and local circles that cover the whole of the country from the cities (called in vernacular language) of Lemòtges and Clarmont up north to Marselha, Tolosa or Bordèu down south. A number of carefully targeted activities are sponsored by groups and other associations affiliated with the Institute, or by members themselves. The IEO is the Occitan counterpart of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Its motto is ''La fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitans
The Occitans ( oc, occitans) are a Romance-speaking ethnic group originating in the historical region of Occitania ( southern France, northeastern Spain, and northwestern Italy). They have been also called Gascons, Provençals, and Auvergnats.The Occitan members of the Order of Malta were grouped into two tongues, of Provence and Auvergne. The Occitan language is still used to varying levels by between 100,000 and 800,000 speakers in southern France and northern Italy. Since 2006, the Occitan language is recognized as one of the official languages in Catalonia, an autonomous region of Spain. The Occitans are concentrated in Occitania, but also in big urban centres in neighbouring regions: Lyon, Paris, Turin, and Barcelona. There are also ethnic Occitans in Guardia Piemontese (Calabria), as well as Argentina, Mexico, and the United States. See also * Languedoc * Septimania * Mediterranean * Hachmei Provence * Iberia * Catharism * Albigensian Crusade * Grimaldi Man * Aquita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valère Bernard
Valère Bernard ( oc, Valèri Bernard; 10 February 1860 – 6 October 1936) was a Provençal painter, engraver, novelist and poet, writing in the Occitan language. He left an important body of graphic work, and his works continued to be published after his death. Biography He was born in Marseille, though his family came originally from Avignon. At the age of 15 he entered the École des beaux-arts, Marseille, to study under Joanny Rave (1827–1887). Accepted by the École des beaux-arts, Paris, he was taught by Alexandre Cabanel and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. In 1896 his discovery of Félicien Rops immediately influenced his style of engraving and themes. He became friends with Alfons Mucha, who introduced him to the lithographic poster. Back in Marseille, his first exhibitions were greeted by critics with praise for his talent both in etching and in painting. Among other things, he produced a series of engravings entitled ''Guerro'' (1893-1895), variations around t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 Establishments In France
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: ** Germany begins Operation Bodenplatte, an attempt by the ''Luftwaffe'' to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries. ** Chenogne massacre: German prisoners are allegedly killed by American forces near the village of Chenogne, Belgium. * January 6 – WWII: A German offensive recaptures Esztergom, Hungary from the Russians. * January 12 – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the Vistula–Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe, against the German Army. * January 13 – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the East Prussian Offensive, to eliminate German forces in East Prussia. * January 16 – WWII: Adolf Hitler takes residence in the ''Führerbunker'' in Berlin. * January 17 ** WWII: The Soviet Union occupies Warsaw, Polan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conselh De La Lenga Occitana
The Conselh de la Lenga Occitana or CLO or Occitan Language Council is the body responsible for managing and developing the standard variant of the Occitan language Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, and sometimes also referred to as ''Provençal'', is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valle .... The council was founded in 1996 and 1997. External links Occitan Language Council (official website)Preconizacions del Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (PDF) oPreconizacions del Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (PDF)o''Lingüistica Occitana'', a review websiteOfficial recognition of CLO standard by the Aran Valley General Council (PDF) Occitan language Language regulators {{Romance-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ives Roqueta
Ives Roqueta (; born 29 February 1936 in Sète, Hérault, died January 4, 2015) was an Occitan author. He played a major role in the country's political and cultural movement. He was the president of the IEO for a number of years and his brother Joan, better known as , is a writer and an Occitan activist as well. He founded the Ventadorn record company, which can be credited for providing Nòva cançon singers with a proficient media outlet. Controversy His cultural and political action is highly controversial. Some think that he's one of the pioneers of his generation and stands among the nation's most talented poets and novelists. Other Occitan analysts say that he had a very negative impact over the occitanist movement during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. Particularly, his anti-scholar positions led to the split of the IEO in 1981. MARTÈL Felip (1989b) = MARTEL Philippe, “Un peu d’histoire: bref historique de la revendication occitane, 1978-1988”, ''Amiras'' 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nîmes
Nîmes ( , ; oc, Nimes ; Latin: ''Nemausus'') is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and Cévennes, the commune of Nîmes has an estimated population of 148,561 (2019). Dubbed the most Roman city outside Italy, Nîmes has a rich history dating back to the Roman Empire when the city had a population of 50,000–60,000 and was the regional capital. Several famous monuments are in Nîmes, such as the Arena of Nîmes and the Maison Carrée. Because of this, Nîmes is often referred to as the "French Rome". Origins Nimes is situated where the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River abuts the hills of Mont Duplan to the northeast, Montaury to the southwest, and to the west Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc. Its name appears in inscriptions in Gaulish as ''dede matrebo Namausikabo'' ("he has given to the mothers of Nîmes") and "''toutios Namausatis''" ("citizen of Nîmes"). Nemausus w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Villeneuve-sur-Lot
Villeneuve-sur-Lot (; in the Languedocien dialect of Occitan language: ''Vilanuèva d'Òlt'' ) is a town and commune in the southwestern French department of Lot-et-Garonne. The commune was formerly named ''Villeneuve-d'Agen''. Villeneuve-sur-Lot is located 22 km northeast of the commune of Agen and straddles the river Lot. History Villeneuve was founded in 1254 by Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, brother of Louis IX, on the site of the town of Gajac, which had been deserted during the Albigensian Crusade. By the early 20th century, Villeneuve-sur-Lot was an important agricultural centre and had a large trade in plums (''prunes d'ente''); the preparation of preserved plums and the tinning of peas and beans were major industries. The important mill of Gajac stood on the bank of the Lot a little above the town. Population Sights The main quarter of the town is located on the right bank of the Lot River and is linked to the quarter on the left bank by a bridge from the 13 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puylaurens
Puylaurens (; oc, Puèglaurenç) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France. The poet Suzon de Terson was born here in 1657. See also *Communes of the Tarn department The following is a list of the 314 communes of the Tarn department of France. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):Communes of Tarn (department) {{Tarn-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taula Redona - Universitat Occitana D'Estiu De Nimes 2015
A taula (meaning 'table' in Catalan) is a Stonehenge-esque stone monument found on the Balearic island of Menorca. Taulas can be up to 5 metres high and consist of a vertical pillar (a monolith or several smaller stones on top of each other) with a horizontal stone lying on it. A U-shaped wall often encloses the structure. They were built by the Talaiotic culture between 500 BC and 300 BC. Their exact cultural meaning remains unknown, but they probably had religious and/or astronomical purposes. Most of the taulas face south, which seems to suggest some astronomical meaning. Archeologist Michael Hoskin has suggested the taulas may have been part of an ancient healing cult. They are frequently found near talaiots. The first author who wrote about these structures was Juan Ramis in his book '' Antigüedades célticas de la isla de Menorca'' ("Celtic Antiquities of the Island of Menorca"), which was published 1818, being the first book in the Spanish language entirely devoted to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Brechet
Pierre Brechet (occitan Pèire Brechet, b. 22 May 1956) is an Occitan teacher, scholar, and activist, living in Marseille. Since 2010 he is the president of the Institut d'Estudis Occitans The Institut d'Estudis Occitans (English: Occitan Studies Institute or Institute for Occitan Studies; ), or IEO, is a cultural association that was founded in 1945 by a group of Occitan and French writers including Jean Cassou, Tristan Tzara, Isma .... Publications * Elie Lèbre, Guy Martin, Bernard Moulin, ''Dictionnaire de base français-provençal'', 2nd edition revised by Bernard Moulin and Pierre Brechet, Aix-en-Provence: CREO Provença, 2004, * Guy Martin; Bernard Moulin; Pierre Bréchet, ''Grammaire provençale et cartes linguistiques'', Aix-en-Provence: Comitat Sestian d'estudis occitans, 1998, * Pierre Brechet, ''Vocabulari provençau en images - Estructuras basicas'', Toulon: Institut d'Estudis Occitans - Seccion de Var, 1988 * Pierre Brechet, ''Manuau pratic de lectura e prononciac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Bec
Pierre Bec (; oc, Pèire Bèc; 11 December 1921 – 30 June 2014) was a French Occitan-language poet and linguist. Born in Paris, he spent his childhood in Comminges, where he learnt Occitan. He was deported to Germany between 1943 and 1945. After returning, he studied in Paris, where he graduated in 1959. He was one of the founders of the IEO or Institut d'Estudis Occitans (Institute of Occitan Studies) as well as its president from 1962 to 1980. Life Pierre Bec spent his childhood in Cazères-sur-Garonne where he learned Gascon. In 1938, he was an interpreter for the Spanish Republican refugees who had crossed the Pyrenees, and he discovered Catalan. He was deported in March 1943 to Germany as part of the compulsory labor service. Bec was titular professor at Poitiers university and assistant director of the ''Centre d'Études Supérieures de Civilisation Médiévale'' (Centre for high studies in medieval civilisation). He is considered one of the most important specialis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
