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Inflatella Belli
''Inflatella belli'', or the gooseberry sponge, is a species of demosponge that appears to be restricted to the southern hemisphere, where it is widespread. It occurs from the coast of Namibia and the Indo-pacific, down to the Subantarctic and Antarctic regions.Uriz, María Jesús (1988). Deep-water sponges from the continental shelf and slope of Namibia (south-west Africa). Classes Hexactinellida and Demospongiae'' CSIC-Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM) Description The gooseberry sponge is a green to yellow-brown species which grows in a semi-spherical to ovoid form. The outside is tough and leathery and the inside soft and pulpy. The inner layer is darker than the outer layers. The surface is covered with long trumpet-shaped protrusions. It may grow to be wide. Spicules The oxeas (spicules pointed at both ends) are straight or slightly curved. One end is sharply pointed and the other more rounded. Skeleton The spicules grow together to from several overlapping lay ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demosponge
Demosponges (Demospongiae) are the most diverse class in the phylum Porifera. They include 76.2% of all species of sponges with nearly 8,800 species worldwide (World Porifera Database). They are sponges with a soft body that covers a hard, often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate, either aragonite or calcite. They are predominantly leuconoid in structure. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges. Some species, in particular from the Antarctic, obtain the silica for spicule building from the ingestion of siliceous diatoms. The many diverse orders in this class include all of the large sponges. Most are marine dwellers, but one order ( Spongillida) live in freshwater environments. Some species are brightly colored, with great variety in body shape; the largest species are ove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonas
''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae and containing 191 described species. The members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a wide range of niches. Their ease of culture ''in vitro'' and availability of an increasing number of ''Pseudomonas'' strain genome sequences has made the genus an excellent focus for scientific research; the best studied species include ''P. aeruginosa'' in its role as an opportunistic human pathogen, the plant pathogen '' P. syringae'', the soil bacterium '' P. putida'', and the plant growth-promoting ''P. fluorescens, P. lini, P. migulae'', and ''P. graminis''. Because of their widespread occurrence in water and plant seeds such as dicots, the pseudomonads were observed early in the history of microbiology. The generic name ''Pseudomonas'' created for these organisms was defined in rather vague terms by Walter Migula i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aureobasidium Melanogenum
''Aureobasidium melanogenum'', formerly known as ''Aureobasidium pullulans'' var. ''melanogenum'' is a ubiquitous black, yeast-like fungus that is found mainly in freshwater habitats. The species also includes strains causing human infections, which were previously classified as ''A. pullulans''. It was named due to abundant melanin production and accumulation in the cell walls, which leads to dark green, brown or black appearance of the cells and colonies The species was established when the genomes of the four former varieties of ''Aureobasidium pullulans'' were sequenced and the large differences between them were discovered. The species tolerates up to 10% of NaCl and grows between 10 °C and 35 °C. Colonies on malt extract agar on average grow to 25 mm in 7 days (at 25 °C), appearing smooth and slimy due to abundant sporulation and EPS formation. In two weeks the colonies become green to black due to the production of melanin. Melanin is produced duri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusarium Dimerum
''Fusarium'' is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these ''Fusarium'' species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora), some ''Fusarium'' species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals. The name of ''Fusarium'' comes from Latin ''fusus'', meaning a spindle. Taxonomy The taxonomy of the genus is complex. A number of different schemes have been used, and up to 1,000 species have been identified at times, with approaches varying between wide and narrow concepts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exophiala Dermatitidis
''Exophiala dermatitidis'' is a thermophilic black yeast, and a member of the Herpotrichiellaceae. While the species is only found at low abundance in nature, metabolically active strains are commonly isolated in saunas, steam baths, and dish washers. ''Exophiala dermatitidis'' only rarely causes infection in humans, however cases have been reported around the world. In East Asia, the species has caused lethal brain infections in young and otherwise healthy individuals. The fungus has been known to cause cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, and as a lung colonist in people with cystic fibrosis in Europe. In 2002, an outbreak of systemic ''E. dermatitidis'' infection occurred in women who had received contaminated steroid injections at North Carolina hospitals. Appearance and general description ''Exophiala dermatitidis'' forms slow growing, brown or black colonies. As is common amongst black yeasts, ''E. dermatitidis'' is an anamorphic fungus with multiple conidial fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Debaryomyces Hansenii
''Debaryomyces hansenii'' is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. Also known as ''Candida famata'', it accounts for up to 2% of invasive candidiasis cases. Ecology ''Debaryomyces hansenii'' is an osmo-, halo- and xerotolerant yeast that produces toxins, including mycocins, to destroy competitive yeast species. It is a common species in all types of cheese, including soft cheeses and the brines of semi-hard and hard cheeses, and the most common yeast among 383 isolates from samples of unsulphited or sulphited sausages, skinless sausages and minced beef. It contributes to the fermentation of barrel-aged beers such as Le Coq Imperial Stout from Harveys Brewery in southern England. Harvey's head brewer speculates that it is either airborne in the brewery or a slow-growing component of their house yeast blend. ''D. hansenii'' is also found in hyper-saline waters such as the salterns on the Atlantic coast of Namibia or in the Great Salt Lake of Utah. Nutritional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hospital-acquired Infection
A hospital-acquired infection, also known as a nosocomial infection (from the Greek , meaning "hospital"), is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility. To emphasize both hospital and nonhospital settings, it is sometimes instead called a healthcare–associated infection. Such an infection can be acquired in hospital, nursing home, rehabilitation facility, outpatient clinic, diagnostic laboratory or other clinical settings. Infection is spread to the susceptible patient in the clinical setting by various means. Health care staff also spread infection, in addition to contaminated equipment, bed linens, or air droplets. The infection can originate from the outside environment, another infected patient, staff that may be infected, or in some cases, the source of the infection cannot be determined. In some cases the microorganism originates from the patient's own skin microbiota, becoming opportunistic after surgery or other procedures that compromise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catheter
In medicine, a catheter (/ˈkæθətər/) is a thin tube made from medical grade materials serving a broad range of functions. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. Catheters are manufactured for specific applications, such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular and ophthalmic procedures. The process of inserting a catheter is ''catheterization''. In most uses, a catheter is a thin, flexible tube (''soft'' catheter) though catheters are available in varying levels of stiffness depending on the application. A catheter left inside the body, either temporarily or permanently, may be referred to as an "indwelling catheter" (for example, a peripherally inserted central catheter). A permanently inserted catheter may be referred to as a "permcath" (originally a trademark). Catheters can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel, brain, skin or adipose tissue. Functionally, they all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Candida Parapsilosis
''Candida parapsilosis'' is a fungal species of yeast that has become a significant cause of sepsis and of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people. Unlike ''Candida albicans'' and ''Candida tropicalis'', ''C. parapsilosis'' is not an obligate human pathogen, having been isolated from nonhuman sources such as domestic animals, insects and soil. ''C. parapsilosis'' is also a normal human commensal and it is one of the fungi most frequently isolated from human hands. There are several risk factors that can contribute to ''C. parapsilosis'' colonization. Immunocompromised individuals and surgical patients, particularly those undergoing surgery of the gastrointestinal tract, are at high risk for infection with ''C. parapsilosis''. There is currently no consensus on the treatment of invasive candidiasis caused by ''C. parapsilosis'', although the therapeutic approach typically includes the removal of foreign bodies such as implanted prostheses and the administration of sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius
''Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'' is a gram positive coccus bacteria of the genus ''Staphylococcus'' found worldwide. It is primarily a pathogen for domestic animals, but has been known to affect humans as well.''S. pseudintermedius'' is an opportunistic pathogen that secretes immune modulating virulence factors, has many adhesion factors, and the potential to create biofilms, all of which help to determine the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Diagnoses of ''Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'' have traditionally been made using cytology, plating, and biochemical tests. More recently, molecular technologies like MALDI-TOF, DNA hybridization and PCR have become preferred over biochemical tests for their more rapid and accurate identifications. This includes the identification and diagnosis of antibiotic resistant strains. Morphology and classification Staphylococci spp. are a genus of gram positive cocci of 0.5 - 1 μm diameter. ''Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'' is a non-motile ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methicillin
Methicillin (USAN), also known as meticillin (INN), is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. Methicillin was discovered in 1960. Medical uses Compared to other penicillins that face antimicrobial resistance due to β-lactamase, it is less active, can be administered only parenterally, and has a higher frequency of interstitial nephritis, an otherwise-rare adverse effect of penicillins. However, selection of methicillin depended on the outcome of susceptibility testing of the sampled infection, and since it is no longer produced, it is also not routinely tested for any more. It also served a purpose in the laboratory to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of ''Staphylococcus aureus'' to other penicillins facing β-lactam resistance; this role has now been passed on to other penicillins, namely ''cloxacillin'', as well as genetic testing for the presence of ''mecA'' gene by '' PCR''. Spectrum of activity At one time, methicillin was used to tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
''Staphylococcus saprophyticus'' is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus '' Staphylococcus''. ''S. saprophyticus'' is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. History ''Staphylococcus saprophyticus'' was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination. Epidemiology and pathogenesis In humans, ''S. saprophyticus'' is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. ''S. saprophyticus'' causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after ''Escherichia coli''. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
