Impute (other)

	Impute (other) Imputation can refer to: Imputation (law), the concept that ignorance of the law does not excuse Imputation (statistics), substitution of some value for missing data Imputation (genetics), estimation of unmeasured genotypes Theory of imputation, the theory that factor prices are determined by output prices * Imputation (game theory), a distribution that benefits each player who cooperates in a game * Imputed righteousness, a concept in Christian theology Double imputation, a concept in Christian theology Imputation of sin, a theory for the transmission of original sin from Adam to his progeny See also Geo-imputation, a method in geographical information systems Dividend imputation Dividend imputation is a corporate tax system in which some or all of the tax paid by a company may be attributed, or imputation (economics), imputed, to the shareholders by way of a tax credit to reduce the income tax payable on a distribution. ... , a method of attributing a company's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Imputation (law) In law, the principle of imputation or attribution underpins the concept that {{lang, la, ignorantia juris non excusat—ignorance of the law does not excuse. All laws are published and available for study in all developed states. The content of the law is imputed to all persons who are within the jurisdiction, no matter how transiently. This fiction tries to negate the unfairness of someone avoiding liability for an act or omission by simply denying knowledge of the law. The principle also arises in specific areas of law, such as criminal law and commercial law, to describe the need for the law to hold a person liable, even when they may not have known the particular circumstances that caused another person to sustain loss or damage. Criminal law Corporate liability To incur liability for a crime, a person must have both committed a prohibited act (the ''actus reus'', which must be willed: see automatism) and have had an appropriate mental element (the ''mens rea'') at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Imputation (statistics) In statistics, imputation is the process of replacing missing data with substituted values. When substituting for a data point, it is known as "unit imputation"; when substituting for a component of a data point, it is known as "item imputation". There are three main problems that missing data causes: missing data can introduce a substantial amount of bias, make the handling and analysis of the data more arduous, and create reductions in efficiency. Because missing data can create problems for analyzing data, imputation is seen as a way to avoid pitfalls involved with listwise deletion of cases that have missing values. That is to say, when one or more values are missing for a case, most statistical packages default to discarding any case that has a missing value, which may introduce bias or affect the representativeness of the results. Imputation preserves all cases by replacing missing data with an estimated value based on other available information. Once all missing values h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Imputation (genetics) Imputation in genetics refers to the statistical inference of unobserved genotypes. It is achieved by using known haplotypes in a population, for instance from the HapMap or the 1000 Genomes Project in humans, thereby allowing to test for association between a trait of interest (e.g. a disease) and experimentally untyped genetic variants, but whose genotypes have been statistically inferred ("imputed"). Genotype imputation is usually performed on SNPs, the most common kind of genetic variation. Genotype imputation hence helps tremendously in narrowing down the location of probably causal variants in genome-wide association studies, because it increases the SNP density (the genome size remains constant, but the number of genetic variants increases) and thus reduces the distance between two adjacent SNPs. Context In genetic epidemiology and quantitative genetics, researchers aim at identifying genomic locations where variation between individuals is associated with variation in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Theory Of Imputation The theory of imputation is based on the so-called theory of factors of production proposed by the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say and elaborated by the American economist John Bates Clark in his work ''The Distribution of Wealth'' (1899; Russian translation, 1934). The proponents of the theory of imputation see its main task as elucidating which parts of wealth may be attributed (imputed) to labor and capital respectively. Principles In economics, the theory of imputation, first expounded by Carl Menger, maintains that factor prices are determined by output prices (i.e. the value of factors of production is the individual contribution of each in the final product, but its value is the value of the last contributed to the final product (the marginal utility before reaching the point Pareto optimal). Thus, Friedrich von Wieser identified a flaw in the theory of imputation as expounded by his teacher, Carl Menger: overvaluation may occur if one is confronted with economies where p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Imputation (game Theory) In fully cooperative games players will opt to form coalitions when the value of the payoff is equal to or greater than if they were to work alone. The focus of the game is to find acceptable distributions of the payoff of the grand coalition. Distributions where a player receives less than it could obtain on its own, without cooperating with anyone else, are unacceptable - a condition known as ''individual rationality''. Imputations are distributions that are efficient and are individually rational. Theory For 2-player games the set of imputations coincides with the core, a popularly studied concept due to its stability against group deviations. The core is a solution concept of cooperative games and consists of multiple imputations, a set of distributions as a result of a game. The core cannot be improved upon by any coalition. However, problems will arise when it comes to selecting a set of imputations, it will require bargaining. Solutions Nash bargaining theory, a type of c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Imputed Righteousness Imputed righteousness is a concept in Christian theology proposing that the "righteousness of Christ ... is imputed to elievers— that is, treated as if it were theirs through faith." It is on the basis of Jesus' righteousness that God accepts humans. This acceptance is also referred to as justification. The teaching of imputed righteousness is a signature doctrine of the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Christianity. There is some dispute as to the origin of the reformation era concept of imputed righteousness. Some modern Lutherans deny that Luther taught it before other reformers such as Melancthon. However, Luther did use the term in this sense as early as 1516. In his seminal 1516 Novum Instrumentum omne (actually finished late in 1515 but printed in March 1516), Erasmus rendered the Greek ''logizomai'' (reckon) as "imputat" all eleven times it appears in Romans chapter four. The Vulgate Erasmus intended to "correct" usually rendered it "reputat" (repute). Erasmus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Double Imputation Imputed righteousness is a concept in Christian theology proposing that the "righteousness of Christ ... is imputed to elievers— that is, treated as if it were theirs through faith." It is on the basis of Jesus' righteousness that God accepts humans. This acceptance is also referred to as justification. The teaching of imputed righteousness is a signature doctrine of the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Christianity. There is some dispute as to the origin of the reformation era concept of imputed righteousness. Some modern Lutherans deny that Luther taught it before other reformers such as Melancthon. However, Luther did use the term in this sense as early as 1516. In his seminal 1516 Novum Instrumentum omne (actually finished late in 1515 but printed in March 1516), Erasmus rendered the Greek ''logizomai'' (reckon) as "imputat" all eleven times it appears in Romans chapter four. The Vulgate Erasmus intended to "correct" usually rendered it "reputat" (repute). Erasmus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Imputation Of Sin In Reformed theology, the imputation of sin is the crediting of Adam's sin to the account of every individual human being. Under the framework of covenant theology, Adam is considered as a "federal head" or representative of all of his progeny. His sinful act of eating the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil In Judaism and Christianity, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil ( he, עֵץ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע, ʿêṣ had-daʿaṯ ṭōḇ wā-rāʿ, label=Tiberian Hebrew, ) is one of two specific trees in the story of the Garden ... which was forbidden by God had consequences for all humanity. This is explained as the sin being imputed, or accounted, to individual humans. A person that has sin imputed to them becomes guilty of transgression before God for being in violation to his laws and is subject to his punishments in the life hereafter. Several theories have been proposed by Reformed theologians to explain how Adam's sin is transmitte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Geo-imputation In data analysis involving geographical locations, geo-imputation or geographical imputation methods are steps taken to replace missing values for exact locations with approximate locations derived from associated data. They assign a reasonable location or geographic based attribute (e.g., census tract) to a person by using both the demographic characteristics of the person and the population characteristics from a larger geographic aggregate area in which the person was geocoded (e.g., postal delivery area or county). For example, if a person's census tract was known and no other address information was available then geo-imputation methods could be used to probabilistically assign that person to a smaller geographic area, such as a census block group. See also Geocoding Imputation (statistics) In statistics, imputation is the process of replacing missing data with substituted values. When substituting for a data point, it is known as "unit imputation"; when substituting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]