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Immune Stimulating Antibody Conjugate
An Immune stimulating antibody conjugate is a monoclonal antibody that conjugates an antibody to an immune-stimulatory agent. They have been used in targeting tumors in mouse models, particularly to turn "cold tumors into hot ones". Immune stimulating antibody conjugates work by activating dendritic cells within the tumor, and are capable of being delivered systemically. With some patients being resistant to checkpoint inhibitors, immune stimulating antibody conjugates may be able to harness an immune response generated through the stimulation of toll-like receptors. In mice models, "dendritic cells (DCs) ere ableto internalize tumor antigens and subsequently activate tumor-reactive T cells"; this has been used "to treat autologous and autochthonous tumors successfully". Example An immune stimulating antibody conjugate comprising a TLR7/TLR8 dual agonist conjugated to antibodies targeting at human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) has been developed. Mechanically, immune s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoclonal Antibody
A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell Lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, binding only to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different antibody-secreting plasma cell lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. It is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to virtually any suitable substance; they can then serve to detect or purify it. This capability has become an investigative tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. Monoclonal antibodies are being used on a clinical level for both the diagnosis and therapy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smart Patients
Roni F. Zeiger is an American physician and technologist. He is notable for his work as the Chief Health Strategist (2006–2012) at Google where he developed Google Health and Google Flu Trends. He is a co-founder of the Smart Patients project. In 2019, Zeiger announced he would be joining Facebook as the Head of Health Strategy. Education Zeiger received his medical degree at Stanford University, including a master's degree in biomedical informatics and he did his residency at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). He was an internist by training. He became interesting in the application of technology in healthcare during his medical training, and noticing how difficult it was to find things in the medical records and how as time went on, the records got larger and more difficult to navigate. Work Zeiger did primary care for some time. Zeiger has been profiled for partnering tech companies to health efforts. Google Zeiger was Chief Health Strategist (2006–2012) at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xconomy
Xconomy is a Boston, Massachusetts–based media company providing news on business, life sciences, and technology{{cite web , title=Company Overview of Xconomy, Inc. , url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=36215051 , publisher=Bloomberg Business , date=nd , access-date=19 July 2015 focusing on the regions of Boston, Boulder/Denver, Detroit, Indiana, New York City, Raleigh-Durham, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Texas, Wisconsin, and beyond. The website was launched in June 2007 by founders Robert Buderi and Rebecca Zacks.{{cite news , author=Rafat Ali , date=February 11, 2009 , title=Business News Blog Network XConomy Gets Second Round Funding , url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/25/paidcontent/main4631868.shtml , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023073713/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/25/paidcontent/main4631868.shtml , archive-date=23 October 2009 , publisher=CBS News , agency=paidcontent.org , access-date=30 J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dendritic Cells
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as ''accessory cells'') of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Dendritic cells are present in those tissues that are in contact with the external environment, such as the skin (where there is a specialized dendritic cell type called the Langerhans cell) and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They can also be found in an immature state in the blood. Once activated, they migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with T cells and B cells to initiate and shape the adaptive immune response. At certain development stages they grow branched projections, the ''dendrites'' that give the cell its name (δένδρον or déndron being Greek for 'tree'). While similar in appearance, these are structures disti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seeking Alpha
Seeking Alpha is a crowd-sourced content service for financial markets. Articles and research covers a broad range of stocks, asset classes, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and investment strategies. Unlike other equity research platforms, insight is provided by contributors including a base of investors and industry experts (buy side) rather than sell side. Seeking Alpha was founded in 2004 by former Wall Street analyst David Jackson. In 2011 the company stated it had distribution partnerships with MSN Money, CNBC, Yahoo! Finance, MarketWatch, NASDAQ and TheStreet. Yahoo Finance ended its relationship with Seeking Alpha on July 28, 2014. As of January 2021, the firm self-reported that it had 10 million registered users and attracts over 17 million unique viewers every month. Its average visit duration was 4× more than ''The Economist'', ''Barron's'' or the ''Wall Street Journal.'' Contributors The site's content is primarily generated by independent contributors. As of January ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Checkpoint Inhibitor
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy. The therapy targets immune checkpoints, key regulators of the immune system that when stimulated can dampen the immune response to an immunologic stimulus. Some cancers can protect themselves from attack by stimulating immune checkpoint targets. Checkpoint therapy can block inhibitory checkpoints, restoring immune system function. The first anti-cancer drug targeting an immune checkpoint was ipilimumab, a CTLA4 blocker approved in the United States in 2011. Currently approved checkpoint inhibitors target the molecules CTLA4, PD-1, and PD-L1. PD-1 is the transmembrane programmed cell death 1 protein (also called PDCD1 and CD279), which interacts with PD-L1 ( PD-1 ligand 1, or CD274). PD-L1 on the cell surface binds to PD-1 on an immune cell surface, which inhibits immune cell activity. Among PD-L1 functions is a key regulatory role on T cell activities. It appears that (cancer-mediated) upregulation of PD-L1 on the cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toll-like Receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are Bitopic protein, single-pass membrane-spanning Receptor (biochemistry), receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have reached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Humans lack genes for TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13 and mice lack a functional gene for TLR10. TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in Intracellular receptor, intracellular Vesicle (biology and chemistry), vesicles (because they are sensors of nucleic acids). TLRs received their name from their similarity to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TLR7
Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR7'' gene. Orthologs are found in mammals and birds. It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and detects single stranded RNA. Function The TLR family plays an important role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from ''Drosophila'' to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is predominantly expressed in lung, placenta, and spleen, and lies in close proximity to another family member, TLR8, on the human X chromosome. TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA in endosomes, which is a common feature of viral genomes which are internalised by macrophages a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TLR8
Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR8'' gene. TLR8 has also been designated as CD288 (cluster of differentiation 288). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Function TLR8 seems to function differently in humans and mice. Until recently, TLR8 was believed to be nonfunctional in mice, but it seems to counteract TLR7 activity The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from ''Drosophila'' to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is predominantly expressed in lung and peripheral blood leukocytes, and lies in close proximity to another family member, TLR7, on chromosome X ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies
This is a list of therapeutic, diagnostic and preventive monoclonal antibodies, antibodies that are clones of a single parent cell. When used as drugs, the International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) end in -mab. The remaining syllables of the INNs, as well as the column ''Source'', are explained in ''Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies''. The abbreviations in the column ''Type'' are as follows: * mab: whole monoclonal antibody * Fab: fragment, antigen-binding (one arm) ** F(ab')2: fragment, antigen-binding, including hinge region (both arms) ** Fab': fragment, antigen-binding, including hinge region (one arm) * Variable fragments: ** scFv: single-chain variable fragment ** di-scFv: dimeric single-chain variable fragment ** sdAb: single-domain antibody * BsMAb: bispecific monoclonal antibodies: ** 3funct: trifunctional antibody ** BiTE: bi-specific T-cell engager This list of over 500 monoclonal antibodies includes approved and investigational drugs as well as drugs that have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
