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Iflavirus
''Iflaviridae'' is a family of positive sense RNA viruses insect-infecting viruses. Some of the insects commonly infected by iflaviruses include aphids, leafhoppers, flies, bees, ants, silkworms and wasps. The name "Ifla" is derived from the name "Infectious flacherie virus", a member species. There is one genus (''Iflavirus'') and 16 species in this family. Structure Members of this family are insect-infecting viruses that consist of positive single-strand RNA genomes translated into a single polyprotein of ~3000 amino acids long. It encodes helicase, protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzymes and four structural proteins (VP1–4). The non-enveloped capsid has an icosahedral T=pseudo3 symmetry and is around 30 nm in diameter. VP1, VP2 and VP3 form the outer portion, with VP4 located internally. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.8-9.7kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deformed Wing Virus
''Deformed wing virus'' (DWV) is an RNA virus, one of 22 known viruses affecting honey bees. While most commonly infecting the honey bee, '' Apis mellifera'', it has also been documented in other bee species, like ''Bombus terrestris'', thus, indicating it may have a wider host specificity than previously anticipated. The virus was first isolated from a sample of symptomatic honeybees from Japan in the early 1980s and is currently distributed worldwide. It is found also in pollen baskets and commercially reared bumblebees. Its main vector in ''A. mellifera'' is the ''Varroa'' mite. It is named after what is usually the most obvious deformity it induces in the development of a honeybee pupa, which is shrunken and deformed wings, but other developmental deformities are often present. Genomics The viral genome was published in 2006. The genome is 10140 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(A) tail and contains a single large open reading frame encoding a 328-kilo Dalton (kDA) p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deformed Wing Virus
''Deformed wing virus'' (DWV) is an RNA virus, one of 22 known viruses affecting honey bees. While most commonly infecting the honey bee, '' Apis mellifera'', it has also been documented in other bee species, like ''Bombus terrestris'', thus, indicating it may have a wider host specificity than previously anticipated. The virus was first isolated from a sample of symptomatic honeybees from Japan in the early 1980s and is currently distributed worldwide. It is found also in pollen baskets and commercially reared bumblebees. Its main vector in ''A. mellifera'' is the ''Varroa'' mite. It is named after what is usually the most obvious deformity it induces in the development of a honeybee pupa, which is shrunken and deformed wings, but other developmental deformities are often present. Genomics The viral genome was published in 2006. The genome is 10140 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(A) tail and contains a single large open reading frame encoding a 328-kilo Dalton (kDA) p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slow Bee Paralysis Virus
Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV) is a virus discovered in England in 1974 that infects Honey bee, honeybees (''Apis mellifera''), bumblebees (''Bombis spp.)'', and Bombyx mori, silkworms (''Bombyx mori)'' through ''Varroa destructor'' mite infestations. The virus causes paralysis in the front two pairs of legs of adult bees eventually killing its hosts. The virus is in the iflaviridae family of viruses. Infection by iflaviridae viruses is among the leading cause of death of honeybee colonies. As bees and silkworms are of great economic and biological importance, the virus is the subject of ongoing research. Structure The virus has an "... Capsid, icosahedral capsid formed from sixty copies of three proteins which are common to picornaviruses." These proteins are 46, 27, and 29 kilodaltons. One of these three proteins (VP3) has a C-terminal globular domain which folds to create a single globular protein P domain. The position of this protruding protein is such that it may easil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacbrood Virus
Sacbrood virus or SBV disease is an infectious disease caused by the ''Morator aetatulas'' virus that affects honey bee larvae. When sick, the colony declines gradually with few or no replacement workers, costing 20-80% of honey production. Reasons SBV is caused by the ''M. aetatulas'' virus. Transmission is due to bees taking care of larvae, other bees entering the colony to steal, bees entering the wrong hive through a source of flowers, or through beekeepers' activities (changing bridges, importing hives, etc). The disease spreads and flares up when the operation of importing bee breeds is not controlled. According to Borchert, when studying the disease in 1966, one diseased larva could infect 3,000 healthy larvae. Bailey in 1981 claimed that the liquid in a killed larva containing 1 mg of virus can infect all worker larvae of 1,000 healthy bees. Symptoms When sick bees go to work, particularly heavy hives noticed that bees take dead larvae out of the nest. The screw cap on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinocampus Coccinellae Paralysis Virus
''Dinocampus coccinellae paralysis virus'' (DcPV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of insects, in the picorna-like virus family ''Iflaviridae'', which was first characterised in 2015. It asymptomatically infects the parasitic braconid wasp, '' Dinocampus coccinellae'', and has been proposed to be associated with the paralytic effect the wasp has on its host, the spotted lady beetle, '' Coleomegilla maculata'', which it turns into a so-called "zombie bodyguard" for its pupa. Taxonomy Within the family ''Iflaviridae'', the DcPV genome is most closely related to ''Venturia canescens'' picorna-like virus and ''Nasonia vitripennis'' virus-1. Distribution DcPV has been found in ''D. coccinellae'' from Canada, Japan, Poland and the Netherlands. Structure DcPV's 10,138 nucleotide linear RNA has a single large open reading frame, predicted to encode a 3007 residue polyprotein with non-structural helicase, protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase functions in the C-ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electronmicrograph
A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object. This is opposed to a macrograph or photomacrograph, an image which is also taken on a microscope but is only slightly magnified, usually less than 10 times. Micrography is the practice or art of using microscopes to make photographs. A micrograph contains extensive details of microstructure. A wealth of information can be obtained from a simple micrograph like behavior of the material under different conditions, the phases found in the system, failure analysis, grain size estimation, elemental analysis and so on. Micrographs are widely used in all fields of microscopy. Types Photomicrograph A light micrograph or photomicrograph is a micrograph prepared using an optical microscope, a process referred to as ''photomicroscopy''. At a basic level, photomicroscopy may be performed simply by connecting a camera to a microscope, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perina Nuda Virus
''Perina'' is a genus of tussock moths in the family Erebidae The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings ('' Catocala'') .... It was described by Francis Walker in 1855 and is found in China, Sri Lanka and throughout India. Description In the male, the palpi are extremely minute. Antennae with long branches. Mid and hind tibia with minute terminal spur pairs. Forewings with extremely oblique outer margin. Vein 3 from before angle of cell. Vein 4 and 5 on a short stalk. Vein 6 from upper angle. Veins 9 to 10 are stalked, where veins 7 and 10 being off towards apex. Hindwings with veins 3 from before angle of cell. Veins 4 and 5 stalked and vein 6 absent. In the female, the antennae have shorter branches. Forewings with the outer margin not so oblique. Hindwings with veins 4 and 5 from angle o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nilaparvata Lugens Honeydew Virus 1
''Nilaparvata''Distant WL (1906) ''The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.'' 3: 503 pp. 47 is a genus of planthoppers in the subfamily Delphacinae and tribe Delphacini Leach, 1815. Species are widely distributed in the Americas, Africa, tropical Asia and Australia. The type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ..., '' Nilaparvata lugens'', also known as the 'brown planthopper', is a major pest of rice crops. Species ''Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web'' includes the following: * '' Nilaparvata albotristriata'' (Kirkaldy, 1907) * '' Nilaparvata angolensis'' Synave, 1959 * '' Nilaparvata bakeri'' (Muir, 1917) * '' Nilaparvata caldwelli'' Metcalf, 1955 * '' Nilaparvata camilla'' Fennah, 1969 * '' Nilaparvata chaeremon'' Fennah, 1975 * '' Nilaparvat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymantria Dispar Iflavirus 1
''Lymantria'' is a genus of tussock moths in the family Erebidae. They are widely distributed throughout Europe, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Java, and Celebes. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Description In the male, the palpi are porrect (extending forward) and hairy. Antennae with long branches. Forewings with veins 3, 4 and 5 from close to angle of cell. Vein 6 from below upper angle. Veins 7 to 10 are stalked, where vein 7 being given off further from the cell than vein 10. Hindwings with veins 3, 4 and 5 from close to angle of cell. Vein 6 and 7 from upper angle. In female, antennae serrate (tooth like on one side). Wings either fully developed or partially reduced or completely reduced to scales. Species The following species are included in the genus. *''Lymantria aboleta'' Staudinger, 1896 *''Lymantria akemii'' Schintlmeister, 189? *''Lymantria albescens'' Matsumura, 1927 *''Lymantria albimacula'' Wallengren, 1863 *'' Lymantria albolunulata'' Moore, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lygus Lineolaris Virus 1
The genus ''Lygus'' includes over 40 species of plant-feeding insects in the family Miridae. The term lygus bug is used for any member of genus ''Lygus''. Species At one time, nearly 200 species were classified as genus ''Lygus'', but most of those have since been reclassified into new or existing genera. Species within this genus include: * '' Lygus abroniae'' * '' Lygus aeratus'' * '' Lygus atriflavus'' * '' Lygus atritibialis'' * '' Lygus borealis'' * '' Lygus bradleyi'' * '' Lygus ceanothi'' * '' Lygus convexicollis'' * ''Lygus elisus'' * '' Lygus gemellatus'' * '' Lygus hesperus'' * '' Lygus humeralis'' * '' Lygus keltoni'' * ''Lygus lineolaris'' * ''Lygus lupini'' * ''Lygus maritimus'' * '' Lygus mexicanus'' * '' Lygus oregonae'' * '' Lygus perplexus'' * ''Lygus plagiatus'' * ''Lygus potentillae'' * ''Lygus pratensis'' * ''Lygus punctatus'' * ''Lygus robustus'' * ''Lygus rolfsi'' * ''Lygus rubroclarus'' * ''Lygus rubrosignatus'' * ''Lygus rufidorsus'' * ''Lygus rugulipennis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infectious Flacherie Virus
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune system. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an adaptive response. Specific medications used to treat infections include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and antihelminthics. Infectious diseases resulted in 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (about 17% of all deaths). The branch of medicine that focuses on infections is referred to as infectious disease. Types Infections are caused by infectious agents (pathogens) including: * Bacteria (e.g. ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ectropis Obliqua Virus
''Ectropis'' is a genus in the geometer moth family (Geometridae). They are mostly paleotropical, but also plentiful in Australia and extend into Asia. Only one species – or cryptic species complex – (the engrailed/small engrailed, ''E. bistortata''/''E. crepuscularia'') is found in Europe. There are about 100 known species in this genus. Systematics and taxonomy All junior synonyms of ''Ectropis'' use ''G. crepuscularia'' as type species, and thus, even though this large genus might warrant subgeneric division, no names are presently available. Apart from ''Tephrosia'', established by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1840, the synonyms are also junior homonyms and consequently completely invalid. One of them, ''Coenobita'', was proposed by Johannes von Nepomuk Franz Xaver Gistel in 1848. Gistl was unaware that Jacob Hübner had described the genus ''Ectropis'', but he knew of Boisduval's ''Tephrosia''. However, Gistl misread the name of the spider genus ''Theraphosa'' (e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
