|
Idele Class Character
In number theory, a Hecke character is a generalisation of a Dirichlet character, introduced by Erich Hecke to construct a class of ''L''-functions larger than Dirichlet ''L''-functions, and a natural setting for the Dedekind zeta-functions and certain others which have functional equations analogous to that of the Riemann zeta-function. A name sometimes used for ''Hecke character'' is the German term Größencharakter (often written Grössencharakter, Grossencharacter, etc.). Definition using ideles A Hecke character is a character of the idele class group of a number field or global function field. It corresponds uniquely to a character of the idele group which is trivial on principal ideles, via composition with the projection map. This definition depends on the definition of a character, which varies slightly between authors: It may be defined as a homomorphism to the non-zero complex numbers (also called a "quasicharacter"), or as a homomorphism to the unit circle in C ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Number Theory
Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic function, integer-valued functions. German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics."German original: "Die Mathematik ist die Königin der Wissenschaften, und die Arithmetik ist die Königin der Mathematik." Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of mathematical objects made out of integers (for example, rational numbers) or defined as generalizations of the integers (for example, algebraic integers). Integers can be considered either in themselves or as solutions to equations (Diophantine geometry). Questions in number theory are often best understood through the study of Complex analysis, analytical objects (for example, the Riemann zeta function) that encode properties of the integers, primes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Place (mathematics)
Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. These properties, such as whether a ring admits unique factorization, the behavior of ideals, and the Galois groups of fields, can resolve questions of primary importance in number theory, like the existence of solutions to Diophantine equations. History of algebraic number theory Diophantus The beginnings of algebraic number theory can be traced to Diophantine equations, named after the 3rd-century Alexandrian mathematician, Diophantus, who studied them and developed methods for the solution of some kinds of Diophantine equations. A typical Diophantine problem is to find two integers ''x'' and ''y'' such that their sum, and the sum of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positive Reals
In mathematics, the set of positive real numbers, \R_ = \left\, is the subset of those real numbers that are greater than zero. The non-negative real numbers, \R_ = \left\, also include zero. Although the symbols \R_ and \R^ are ambiguously used for either of these, the notation \R_ or \R^ for \left\ and \R_^ or \R^_ for \left\ has also been widely employed, is aligned with the practice in algebra of denoting the exclusion of the zero element with a star, and should be understandable to most practicing mathematicians. In a complex plane, \R_ is identified with the positive real axis, and is usually drawn as a horizontal ray. This ray is used as reference in the polar form of a complex number. The real positive axis corresponds to complex numbers z = , z, \mathrm^, with argument \varphi = 0. Properties The set \R_ is closed under addition, multiplication, and division. It inherits a topology from the real line and, thus, has the structure of a multiplicative topological group or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hilbert Character
In number theory, a Hecke character is a generalisation of a Dirichlet character, introduced by Erich Hecke to construct a class of L-function, ''L''-functions larger than Dirichlet L-function, Dirichlet ''L''-functions, and a natural setting for the Dedekind zeta-functions and certain others which have functional equation (L-function), functional equations analogous to that of the Riemann zeta-function. A name sometimes used for ''Hecke character'' is the German term Größencharakter (often written Grössencharakter, Grossencharacter, etc.). Definition using ideles A Hecke character is a Character (mathematics)#Multiplicative character, character of the idele class group of a number field or global function field. It corresponds uniquely to a character of the idele group which is trivial on Adele ring#Idèle group, principal ideles, via composition with the projection map. This definition depends on the definition of a character, which varies slightly between authors: It may be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Motive (algebraic Geometry)
In algebraic geometry, motives (or sometimes motifs, following French usage) is a theory proposed by Alexander Grothendieck in the 1960s to unify the vast array of similarly behaved cohomology theories such as singular cohomology, de Rham cohomology, etale cohomology, and crystalline cohomology. Philosophically, a "motif" is the "cohomology essence" of a variety. In the formulation of Grothendieck for smooth projective varieties, a motive is a triple (X, p, m), where ''X'' is a smooth projective variety, p: X \vdash X is an idempotent correspondence, and ''m'' an integer, however, such a triple contains almost no information outside the context of Grothendieck's category of pure motives, where a morphism from (X, p, m) to (Y, q, n) is given by a correspondence of degree n-m. A more object-focused approach is taken by Pierre Deligne in ''Le Groupe Fondamental de la Droite Projective Moins Trois Points''. In that article, a motive is a "system of realisations" – that is, a tupl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algebraic Varieties
Algebraic varieties are the central objects of study in algebraic geometry, a sub-field of mathematics. Classically, an algebraic variety is defined as the set of solutions of a system of polynomial equations over the real or complex numbers. Modern definitions generalize this concept in several different ways, while attempting to preserve the geometric intuition behind the original definition. Conventions regarding the definition of an algebraic variety differ slightly. For example, some definitions require an algebraic variety to be irreducible, which means that it is not the union of two smaller sets that are closed in the Zariski topology. Under this definition, non-irreducible algebraic varieties are called algebraic sets. Other conventions do not require irreducibility. The fundamental theorem of algebra establishes a link between algebra and geometry by showing that a monic polynomial (an algebraic object) in one variable with complex number coefficients is determined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complex Multiplication
In mathematics, complex multiplication (CM) is the theory of elliptic curves ''E'' that have an endomorphism ring larger than the integers. Put another way, it contains the theory of elliptic functions with extra symmetries, such as are visible when the period lattice is the Gaussian integer lattice or Eisenstein integer lattice. It has an aspect belonging to the theory of special functions, because such elliptic functions, or abelian functions of several complex variables, are then 'very special' functions satisfying extra identities and taking explicitly calculable special values at particular points. It has also turned out to be a central theme in algebraic number theory, allowing some features of the theory of cyclotomic fields to be carried over to wider areas of application. David Hilbert is said to have remarked that the theory of complex multiplication of elliptic curves was not only the most beautiful part of mathematics but of all science. There is also the higher-dime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaussian Rational
In mathematics, a Gaussian rational number is a complex number of the form ''p'' + ''qi'', where ''p'' and ''q'' are both rational numbers. The set of all Gaussian rationals forms the Gaussian rational field, denoted Q(''i''), obtained by adjoining the imaginary number ''i'' to the field of rationals. Properties of the field The field of Gaussian rationals provides an example of an algebraic number field, which is both a quadratic field and a cyclotomic field (since ''i'' is a 4th root of unity). Like all quadratic fields it is a Galois extension of Q with Galois group cyclic of order two, in this case generated by complex conjugation, and is thus an abelian extension of Q, with conductor 4. As with cyclotomic fields more generally, the field of Gaussian rationals is neither ordered nor complete (as a metric space). The Gaussian integers Z 'i''form the ring of integers of Q(''i''). The set of all Gaussian rationals is countably infinite. Ford spheres The concept of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artin Reciprocity
Artin may refer to: * Artin (name), a surname and given name, including a list of people with the name ** Artin, a variant of Harutyun Harutyun ( hy, Հարություն and in Western Armenian Յարութիւն) also spelled Haroutioun, Harutiun and its variants Harout, Harut and Artin is a common male Armenian name; it means resurrection in Armenian. People with the name H ..., an Armenian given name * 15378 Artin, a main-belt asteroid See also {{disambiguation, surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artin L-function
In mathematics, an Artin ''L''-function is a type of Dirichlet series associated to a linear representation ρ of a Galois group ''G''. These functions were introduced in 1923 by Emil Artin, in connection with his research into class field theory. Their fundamental properties, in particular the Artin conjecture described below, have turned out to be resistant to easy proof. One of the aims of proposed non-abelian class field theory is to incorporate the complex-analytic nature of Artin ''L''-functions into a larger framework, such as is provided by automorphic forms and the Langlands program. So far, only a small part of such a theory has been put on a firm basis. Definition Given \rho , a representation of G on a finite-dimensional complex vector space V, where G is the Galois group of the finite extension L/K of number fields, the Artin L-function: L(\rho,s) is defined by an Euler product. For each prime ideal \mathfrak p in K's ring of integers, there is an Euler factor, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Class Field Theory
In mathematics, class field theory (CFT) is the fundamental branch of algebraic number theory whose goal is to describe all the abelian Galois extensions of local and global fields using objects associated to the ground field. Hilbert is credited as one of pioneers of the notion of a class field. However, this notion was already familiar to Kronecker and it was actually Weber who coined the term before Hilbert's fundamental papers came out. The relevant ideas were developed in the period of several decades, giving rise to a set of conjectures by Hilbert that were subsequently proved by Takagi and Artin (with the help of Chebotarev's theorem). One of the major results is: given a number field ''F'', and writing ''K'' for the maximal abelian unramified extension of ''F'', the Galois group of ''K'' over ''F'' is canonically isomorphic to the ideal class group of ''F''. This statement was generalized to the so called Artin reciprocity law; in the idelic language, writing ''CF' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
