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IEC 61400
IEC 61400 is an international standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) regarding wind turbines. Purpose and function IEC 61400 is a set of design requirements made to ensure that wind turbines are appropriately engineered against damage from hazards within the planned lifetime. The standard concerns most aspects of the turbine life from site conditions before construction, to turbine components being tested,Woebbeking, Mike"IEC TS 61400-22"pages 1-2 and 9 ''Germanischer Lloyd'', 2008. Accessed: 12 March 2011Archive/ref> assembled and operated. Wind turbines are capital intensive, and are usually purchased before they are being erected and commissioned. Some of these standards provide technical conditions verifiable by an independent, third party, and as such are necessary in order to make business agreements so wind turbines can be financed and erected. IEC started standardizing international certification on the subject in 1995, and the first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Electrotechnical Commission
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC; in French: ''Commission électrotechnique internationale'') is an international standards organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as "electrotechnology". IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fibre optics, batteries, solar energy, nanotechnology and marine energy as well as many others. The IEC also manages four global conformity assessment systems that certify whether equipment, system or components conform to its international standards. All electrotechnologies are covered by IEC Standards, including energy production and distribution, electronics, magnetics and electromagnetics, electroacoustics, multimedia, telecommunication and medical technology, as well as associated general disciplines such as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wind Shear
Wind shear (or windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical or horizontal wind shear. Vertical wind shear is a change in wind speed or direction with a change in altitude. Horizontal wind shear is a change in wind speed with a change in lateral position for a given altitude. Wind shear is a microscale meteorological phenomenon occurring over a very small distance, but it can be associated with mesoscale or synoptic scale weather features such as squall lines and cold fronts. It is commonly observed near microbursts and downbursts caused by thunderstorms, fronts, areas of locally higher low-level winds referred to as low-level jets, near mountains, radiation inversions that occur due to clear skies and calm winds, buildings, wind turbines, and sailboats. Wind shear has significant effects on the control of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electric Power Transmission Systems
Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines that facilitate this movement form a ''transmission network''. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power distribution. The combined transmission and distribution network is part of electricity delivery, known as the electrical grid. Efficient long-distance transmission of electric power requires high voltages. This reduces the losses produced by strong currents. Transmission lines use either alternating current (HVAC) or direct current (HVDC). The voltage level is changed with transformers. The voltage is stepped up for transmission, then reduced for local distribution. A wide area synchronous grid, known as an "interconnection" in North America, directly connects generators delivering AC power with the same rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IEC Standards
This is an incomplete list of standards published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The numbers of older IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding 60000; for example IEC 27 became IEC 60027. IEC standards often have multiple sub-part documents; only the main title for the standard is listed here. * IEC 60027 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology * IEC 60028 International standard of resistance for copper * IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machines * IEC 60038 IEC Standard Voltages * IEC 60041 Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines * IEC 60044 Instrument transformers * IEC 60045 Steam turbines * IEC 60050 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary * IEC 60051 Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and their accessories * IEC 60052 Voltage measurement by means of standard air gaps * IEC 60055 Paper-insulated metal-sheathed cables for rated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IEC 61400
IEC 61400 is an international standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) regarding wind turbines. Purpose and function IEC 61400 is a set of design requirements made to ensure that wind turbines are appropriately engineered against damage from hazards within the planned lifetime. The standard concerns most aspects of the turbine life from site conditions before construction, to turbine components being tested,Woebbeking, Mike"IEC TS 61400-22"pages 1-2 and 9 ''Germanischer Lloyd'', 2008. Accessed: 12 March 2011Archive/ref> assembled and operated. Wind turbines are capital intensive, and are usually purchased before they are being erected and commissioned. Some of these standards provide technical conditions verifiable by an independent, third party, and as such are necessary in order to make business agreements so wind turbines can be financed and erected. IEC started standardizing international certification on the subject in 1995, and the first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IEC 61400-25
International standard IEC 61400-25 (Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants, TC 88) provides uniform information exchange for monitoring and control of wind power plants. This addresses the issue of proprietary communication systems utilizing a wide variety of protocols, labels, semantics, etc., thus enabling one to exchange information with different wind power plants independently of a vendor. It is a subset of IEC 61400; a set of standards for designing wind turbines. The IEC 61400-25 standard is a basis for simplifying the roles that the wind turbine and SCADA systems have to play. The crucial part of the wind power plant information, information exchange methods, and communication stacks are standardized. They build a basis to which procurement specifications and contracts could easily refer. The standard has specified five mapping (IEC 61400-25-4) to communication protocol stacks in order to address the real wind power business needs for communicatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
61400-25
International standard IEC 61400-25 (Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants, TC 88) provides uniform information exchange for monitoring and control of wind power plants. This addresses the issue of proprietary communication systems utilizing a wide variety of protocols, labels, semantics, etc., thus enabling one to exchange information with different wind power plants independently of a vendor. It is a subset of IEC 61400; a set of standards for designing wind turbines. The IEC 61400-25 standard is a basis for simplifying the roles that the wind turbine and SCADA systems have to play. The crucial part of the wind power plant information, information exchange methods, and communication stacks are standardized. They build a basis to which procurement specifications and contracts could easily refer. The standard has specified five mapping (IEC 61400-25-4) to communication protocol stacks in order to address the real wind power business needs for communication. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lidar
Lidar (, also LIDAR, or LiDAR; sometimes LADAR) is a method for determining ranges (variable distance) by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. It can also be used to make digital 3-D representations of areas on the Earth's surface and ocean bottom of the intertidal and near coastal zone by varying the wavelength of light. It has terrestrial, airborne, and mobile applications. ''Lidar'' is an acronym of "light detection and ranging" or "laser imaging, detection, and ranging". It is sometimes called 3-D laser scanning, a special combination of 3-D scanning and laser scanning. Lidar is commonly used to make high-resolution maps, with applications in surveying, geodesy, geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, atmospheric physics, laser guidance, airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), and laser altimetry. It is also used in control and navigation for som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SgurrEnergy
SgurrEnergy Private Limited is an Indian multinational company that provides expert engineering design, performance optimization, quality assurance and independent engineer services for new and operating Renewable energy Plants. SgurrEnergy's headquarters and Renewable Energy Centre of Excellence are in Pune, India, with offices in India (Pune and Anand), China and KSA. SgurrEnergy has worked on projects in 40+ countries across four continents with notable projects in India, South Asia, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, the Middle-East, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda, Burkina Faso in Africa, Bangladesh, Romania in Eastern Europe and the United States. SgurrEnergy mainly works with engineering, procurement and construction companies (EPCs), developers and lenders focused on building and operating renewable energy plants and state, national and local governments. SgurrEnergy's has contributed to 81+GW in renewable energy capacity. History SgurrEnergy, n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Technischer Überwachungsverein
TÜVs (; short for german: Technischer Überwachungsverein, en, Technical Inspection Association) are internationally active, independent service companies from Germany and Austria that test, inspect and certify technical systems, facilities and objects of all kinds in order to minimize hazards and prevent damages. The TÜV companies are organized into three large holding companies, TÜV Nord, TÜV Rheinland and TÜV SÜD (with TÜV Hessen), along with the smaller independent companies TÜV Thüringen, TÜV Saarland and TÜV Austria. History With the increasing number and efficiency of steam engines during the Industrial Revolution, there had been more and more accidents caused by exploding (or more precisely, bursting) boilers. After the explosion of the boiler at the Mannheim Aktienbrauerei in January 1865, the idea was pursued there to subject boilers to regular inspections on a voluntary basis, as was already the case in Great Britain. Twenty boiler owners in Baden joined in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurricane
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane (), typhoon (), tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms". "Tropical" refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. "Cyclone" refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suzlon Energy
Suzlon Energy Limited (NSE:SUZLONEQ, BSE:532667) is an Indian multinational wind turbine manufacturer based in Pune, India. It was formerly ranked by MAKE as the world's fifth largest wind turbine supplier.Source: MAKE Report: Global Wind Turbine OEM 2013 Market Share. History In 1995, founder Tulsi Tanti was managing a 20-employee textile company. Due to the erratic availability of power locally, and its rising costs, the highest business expenditure after the raw materials was electricity. The cost of electricity also offset any profits made by the company. After providing electricity for his own company, Tanti moved into wind energy production as a way to secure the textile company's energy needs, and founded Suzlon Energy. Suzlon adopted a business model wherein clients would be responsible for 25% of the up-front capital investment and Suzlon would arrange the remaining 75% on loan. Initially, banks were hesitant to fund loans for this model, but by 2008, many Indian ban ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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