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Indeterminacy In Computation (other)
Indeterminacy is a property of formal systems that evolve in time (often conceptualized as a computation), in which complete information about the ''internal'' state of the system at some point in time admits multiple future trajectories. In simpler terms, if such a system is returned to the same initial condition—or two identical copies of the system are started at the same time—they won't with certainty produce the same behaviour, as some element of chance is able to enter the system from outside its formal specification. In some cases the indeterminacy arises from the laws of physics, in other cases it leaks in from the abstract model, and sometimes the model includes an explicit source of indeterminacy, as with deliberately randomized algorithms, for the benefits that this provides. Disambiguation Indeterminacy in computation may refer to: * quantum indeterminacy in quantum computers * nondeterministic finite automata * nondeterministic algorithm In concurrency: * inde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Formal System
A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms. In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in mathematics. The term ''formalism'' is sometimes a rough synonym for ''formal system'', but it also refers to a given style of notation, for example, Paul Dirac's bra–ket notation. Concepts A formal system has the following: * Formal language, which is a set of well-formed formulas, which are strings of symbols from an alphabet, formed by a formal grammar (consisting of production rules or formation rules). * Deductive system, deductive apparatus, or proof system, which has rules of inference that take axioms and infers theorems, both of which are part of the formal language. A formal system is said to be recursive (i.e. effective) or recursively enumerable if the set of axioms and the set of inference rules are decidable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
