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Ichthyosauridae
Ichthyosauridae is an extinct family (biology), family of thunnosaur ichthyosaurs from the latest Triassic and Early Jurassic (Rhaetian to Pliensbachian stages) of Europe, and possibly also from the middle Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian or Barremian stage) of Iraq. Named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte, in 1841 in paleontology, 1841, it is usually thought to contain a single genus, ''Ichthyosaurus'', which is known from several species from the Early Jurassic. In 2013, Fischer ''et al.'' named and described ''Malawania anachronus'' from the middle Early Cretaceous of Iraq. It was found to share several synapomorphies with the type species of this family, ''Ichthyosaurus communis'', and a large phylogenetic analysis recovered these species as sister taxa. Despite its geologically younger age, ''M. anachronus'' was also assigned to Ichthyosauridae. Phylogeny Fischer ''et al.'' (2013) applied the name Ichthyosauridae Bonaparte, 1841 for the clade that contains ''Malawania anachronus'' and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protoichthyosaurus
''Protoichthyosaurus'' is a genus of ichthyosaur from the early Jurassic of southern England and possibly Switzerland. Two species are known, ''P. prostaxalis''—the type (biology), type species, named by Appleby in 1979—and ''P. applebyi''. A third species, ''P. prosostealis'', was named by Appleby, but it was removed from the genus in 2017 due to its similarity to ''Ichthyosaurus''. The genus ''Protoichthyosaurus'' was synonymized with ''Ichthyosaurus'' by Maisch and Hungerbuhler in 1997, and again by Maisch and Matzke in 2000. However, it was found to be distinct in 2017 by Dean Lomax and colleagues, who separated it from ''Ichthyosaurus'' on account of differences in the arrangement and shape of the ichthyosaur#Appendicular skeleton, carpal ossifications, as well as the absence of the fifth digit. The species most likely lived during the Hettangian stage, but may have lived as early as the Rhaetian and as late as the Sinemurian. Species belonging to the genus were medium-si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichthyosaurus Anningae Trio NT Small
''Ichthyosaurus'' (derived from Greek () meaning 'fish' and () meaning 'lizard') is a genus of ichthyosaurs from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian - Pliensbachian) of Europe (Belgium, England, Germany and Portugal). Some specimens of the ichthyosaurid ''Protoichthyosaurus'' from England and Switzerland have been erroneously referred to this genus in the past. It is among the best known ichthyosaur genera, as it is the type genus of the order Ichthyosauria.Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. ''Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie)'' 298: 1-159McGowan C, Motani R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. – In: Sues, H.-D. (ed.): ''Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil'', 175 pp., 101 figs., 19 plts; München History of discovery ''Ichthyosaurus'' was the first complete fossil to be discovered in the early 19th century by Mary Anning in England; the holotype of ''I. communis'', no coll. number given,Judy A. Massare & Dea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malawania
''Malawania'' is an extinct genus of basal thunnosaur ichthyosaur known from the middle Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian or Barremian stage) of Iraq. The type species is ''Malawania anachronus'' and it was named by Valentin Fischer, Robert M. Appleby, Darren Naish, Jeff Liston, Riding, J. B., Brindley, S. and Pascal Godefroit in 2013 based on specimen NHMUK PV R 6682. It is unusual as it is much more primitive than other Cretaceous ichthyosaurs, being most closely related to '' Ichthyosaurus'' from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, over 70 million years earlier than ''Malawania'', with all other known ichthyosaurs from the Late Jurassic onwards belonging to the family Ophthalmosauridae. Discovery The holotype and only known specimen was discovered in 1952 by British petroleum geologists D. M. Morton, F. R. S. Henson, R. J. Wetzel and L. C. F. Damesin while working in Chia Gara, Amadia in Iraqi Kurdistan. The slab was being used to dam a small river and was part of a mule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thunnosaur
Thunnosauria (Greek for "tuna lizard" – ''thunnos'' meaning "tuna" and ''sauros'' meaning "lizard") is an extinct clade of parvipelvian ichthyosaurs from the Early Jurassic to the early Late Cretaceous (Hettangian–Cenomanian) of Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Named by Ryosuke Motani in 1999, it contains the basal taxa '' Ichthyosaurus'' and '' Stenopterygius'' and the family Ophthalmosauridae. In thunnosaurs, the fore fin is at least twice as long as the hind fin. Phylogeny Thunnosauria is a node-based taxon defined in 1999 as "the last common ancestor of '' Ichthyosaurus communis'' and '' Stenopterygius quadriscissus'' and all of its descendants". The cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ... below follows the topology from a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichthyosaurus
''Ichthyosaurus'' (derived from Greek () meaning 'fish' and () meaning 'lizard') is a genus of ichthyosaurs from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian - Pliensbachian) of Europe (Belgium, England, Germany and Portugal). Some specimens of the ichthyosaurid '' Protoichthyosaurus'' from England and Switzerland have been erroneously referred to this genus in the past. It is among the best known ichthyosaur genera, as it is the type genus of the order Ichthyosauria.Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. ''Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie)'' 298: 1-159McGowan C, Motani R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. – In: Sues, H.-D. (ed.): ''Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil'', 175 pp., 101 figs., 19 plts; München History of discovery ''Ichthyosaurus'' was the first complete fossil to be discovered in the early 19th century by Mary Anning in England; the holotype of ''I. communis'', no coll. number given,Judy A. Massare & D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichthyosaurus Communis
''Ichthyosaurus'' (derived from Greek () meaning 'fish' and () meaning 'lizard') is a genus of ichthyosaurs from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian - Pliensbachian) of Europe (Belgium, England, Germany and Portugal). Some specimens of the ichthyosaurid ''Protoichthyosaurus'' from England and Switzerland have been erroneously referred to this genus in the past. It is among the best known ichthyosaur genera, as it is the type genus of the order Ichthyosauria.Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. ''Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie)'' 298: 1-159McGowan C, Motani R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. – In: Sues, H.-D. (ed.): ''Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil'', 175 pp., 101 figs., 19 plts; München History of discovery ''Ichthyosaurus'' was the first complete fossil to be discovered in the early 19th century by Mary Anning in England; the holotype of ''I. communis'', no coll. number given,Judy A. Massare & Dea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baracromia
Thunnosauria (Greek for "tuna lizard" – ''thunnos'' meaning "tuna" and ''sauros'' meaning "lizard") is an extinct clade of parvipelvian ichthyosaurs from the Early Jurassic to the early Late Cretaceous (Hettangian–Cenomanian) of Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Named by Ryosuke Motani in 1999, it contains the basal taxa ''Ichthyosaurus'' and '' Stenopterygius'' and the family Ophthalmosauridae. In thunnosaurs, the fore fin is at least twice as long as the hind fin. Phylogeny Thunnosauria is a node-based taxon defined in 1999 as "the last common ancestor of ''Ichthyosaurus communis'' and '' Stenopterygius quadriscissus'' and all of its descendants". The cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ... below follows the topology from a 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichthyosaurus
''Ichthyosaurus'' (derived from Greek () meaning 'fish' and () meaning 'lizard') is a genus of ichthyosaurs from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian - Pliensbachian) of Europe (Belgium, England, Germany and Portugal). Some specimens of the ichthyosaurid ''Protoichthyosaurus'' from England and Switzerland have been erroneously referred to this genus in the past. It is among the best known ichthyosaur genera, as it is the type genus of the order Ichthyosauria.Maisch MW, Matzke AT. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. ''Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie)'' 298: 1-159McGowan C, Motani R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. – In: Sues, H.-D. (ed.): ''Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil'', 175 pp., 101 figs., 19 plts; München History of discovery ''Ichthyosaurus'' was the first complete fossil to be discovered in the early 19th century by Mary Anning in England; the holotype of ''I. communis'', no coll. number given,Judy A. Massare & Dea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parvipelvia
Parvipelvia (Latin for "little pelvis" - ''parvus'' meaning "little" and ''pelvis'' meaning "pelvis") is an extinct clade of euichthyosaur ichthyosaurs that existed from the Late Triassic to the early Late Cretaceous (middle Norian to Cenomanian) of Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. Named by Ryosuke Motani, in 1999, it contains the basal taxa like ''Macgowania'' and '' Hudsonelpidia''. Maisch and Matzke (2000) found in their analysis seven synapomorphies that support Parvipelvia. They also found 10 synapomorphies that support the existence of post-Triassic clade of ichthyosaurs (all parvipelvians excluding ''Macgowania'' and ''Hudsonelpidia''), for which the name Neoichthyosauria was found to be available. Parvipelvians were the only ichthyosaurs to survive the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. Phylogeny Parvipelvia is a node-based taxon defined in 1999 as "the last common ancestor of ''Hudsonelpidia'', ''Macgowania'', '' Ichthyosaurus'' and all of it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most biological fields. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or Extant taxon, extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed ''monophyletic'' (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming Taxon, taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not Monophyly, monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms that the molecul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barremian
The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 125.77 Ma (million years ago) and 121.4 ± 1.0 Ma (Historically, this stage was placed at 129.4 million to approximately 125 million years ago) It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous Epoch (or Lower Cretaceous Series). It is preceded by the Hauterivian and followed by the Aptian Stage.See Gradstein ''et al.'' (2004) or the online geowhen database (link below) Stratigraphic definitions The original type locality for the Barremian Stage is in the vicinity of the village of Barrême, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. Henri Coquand defined the stage and named it in 1873. The base of the Barremian is determined by the first appearance of the ammonites '' Spitidiscus hugii'' and ''Spitidiscus vandeckii''. The end of the Barremian is determined by the geomagnetic reversal at the start of the M0r chronozone, which is biologically near the first appearance of the ammonite '' Paradesh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
