Human Endogenous Retrovirus K

	Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) or Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus (HDTV) is a family of human endogenous retroviruses associated with malignant tumors of the testes. Phylogenetically, the HERV-K group belongs to the ERV2 or Class II or Betaretrovirus-like supergroup. Over the past several years, it has been found that this group of ERVs play an important role in embryogenesis, but their expression is silenced in most cell types in healthy adults. The HERV-K family, and particularly its subgroup HML-2, is the youngest and most transcriptionally active group and hence, it is the best studied among other ERVs. Reactivation of it or anomalous expression of HML-2 in adult tissues has been associated with various types of cancer and with neurodegenerative diseases such as amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) is related to mammary tumor virus in mice. It exists in the human and cercopithecoid genomes. Human genome contains hundreds of copi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Human Endogenous Retrovirus Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome (lower estimates of ~1%). ERVs are a vertically inherited proviral sequence and a subclass of a type of gene called a transposon, which can normally be packaged and moved within the genome to serve a vital role in gene expression and in regulation. ERVs however lack most transposon functions, are typically not infectious and are often defective genomic remnants of the retroviral replication cycle. They are distinguished as germline provirus retroelements due to their integration and reverse-transcription into the nuclear genome of the host cell. Researchers have suggested that retroviruses evolved from a type of transposon called a retrotransposon, a Class I element; these genes can mutate and instead of moving to another location in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Bonobo The bonobo (; ''Pan paniscus''), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee, is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus '' Pan,'' the other being the common chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''). While bonobos are now recognized as a distinct species in their own right, they were initially thought to be a subspecies of chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes)'' due to the physical similarities between the two species. Taxonomically, the members of the chimpanzee/bonobo subtribe Panina (composed entirely by the genus '' Pan'') are collectively termed ''panins''. The bonobo is distinguished by relatively long legs, pink lips, dark face, tail-tuft through adulthood, and parted long hair on its head. The bonobo is found in a area of the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa. The species is frugivorous and inhabits primary and secondary forests, including seasonally inundated sw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HERV-W Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W (HERV-W) is the coding for a protein that would normally be part of the envelope of one family of Human Endogenous Retro-Viruses, or HERVs. HERV-W encoding sequences makes up about 1% of the human genome and are part of a superfamily of repetitive and transposable elements. There are 31 different families of HERVs that together make up about 8% of the human genome, this is four times more DNA than is devoted to protein coding genes. Most HERVs in the genome today are not replication-competent due to frame shifts, premature stop codons and recombination in their long terminal repeats (LTRs). Each HERV family is derived from a single infection of the germline by an exogenous retrovirus that, once integrated, expanded and evolved. A complete HERV contains U3RU5- gag- pro- pol- env –U3RU5, where U3RU5 are long terminal repeats (LTRs) and gag, pro, pol and env are genes. Phylogeny It is common for viruses to take pieces of their host's genome ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Endopeptidase Human endogenous retrovirus K endopeptidase (, ''human endogenous retrovirus K10 endopeptidase'', ''endogenous retrovirus HERV-K10 putative protease'', ''human endogenous retrovirus K retropepsin'', ''HERV K10 endopeptidase'', ''HERV K10 retropepsin'', ''HERV-K PR'', ''HERV-K protease'', ''HERV-K113 protease'', ''human endogenous retrovirus K113 protease'', ''human retrovirus K10 retropepsin'') is an enzyme derived from an endogenous retrovirus. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction: : Processing at the authentic HIV-1 PR recognition site and release of the mature p17 matrix and the p24 capsid A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may ... protein, as a result of the cleavage of the -SQNY-PIVQ- cleavage site. This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family A2 ( ret ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	APMIS ''APMIS'', formerly known as ''Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica'', is a monthly medical journal published on behalf of the Scandinavian Societies for Medical Microbiology and Pathology by Wiley Munksgaard. Its stated aim is to "publish original research in the fields of pathology, microbiology and immunology, and from related developing areas of modern biomedicine Biomedicine (also referred to as Western medicine, mainstream medicine or conventional medicine) ". It was formed by the 1988 union of the three sections of ''Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica'': ''Section A, Pathology'', ''Section B, Microbiology'', and ''Section C, Immunology''. The original journals dated from 1924, originally published as ''Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica''. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	IFITM1 Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IFITM1'' gene. IFITM1 has also recently been designated CD225 (cluster of differentiation 225). This protein has several additional names: fragilis (human homolog of the mouse protein), IFI17 nterferon-induced protein 17 9-27 nterferon-inducible protein 9-27and Leu13. IFITM1 is a member of the IFITM family (Interferon-induced transmembrane protein) which is encoded by IFITM genes. The human IFITM genes locate on chromosome 11 and have four members: IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3 and IFITM5. While the mouse Ifitm genes locate on chromosome 7 and 16 and have six members: Ifitm1, Ifitm2, Ifitm3, Ifitm5, Ifitm6 and Ifitm7. Molecular biology The IFITM1 gene is located on the Watson (plus) strand of the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p15.5) and is 3,956 bases in length. The encoded protein has 125 amino acids (molecular weight 13.964 kDa). It is an intrinsic membrane protein and is predicted to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rec (protein) REC or Rec is a shortening of Recording, the process of capturing data onto a storage medium. REC may also refer to: Educational institutes * Regional Engineering College, colleges of engineering and technology education in India * Rajalakshmi Engineering College ( ta, ராஜலட்சுமி பொறியியல் கல்லூரி), Thandalam, Chennai, India Organizations * Railway Executive Committee, in Britain * REC Limited, an infrastructure finance company in India * Reformed Episcopal Church, an Anglican church in the United States and Canada * Regional Economic Communities, in Africa * Regional electricity companies, the fourteen companies created when the electricity market in the UK was privatised * Renewable Energy Corporation, a solar power company with headquarters in Norway :* REC Silicon ( no) * Research Ethics Committee, a type of ethics committee * Rock Eisteddfod Challenge, an Australian abstinence program * Rural Electrification Corporation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Gorilla Gorillas are herbivorous, predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The genus ''Gorilla'' is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla, and either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans, from 95 to 99% depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after chimpanzees and bonobos. Gorillas are the largest living primates, reaching heights between 1.25 and 1.8 metres, weights between 100 and 270 kg, and arm spans up to 2.6 metres, depending on species and sex. They tend to live in troops, with the leader being called a silverback. The Eastern gorilla is distinguished from the Western by darker fur colour and some other minor morphological differences. Gorillas tend to live 35–40 years in the wild. The oldest gorilla known is Fatou (b. 1957), who is still alive at the advanced age of 65 years. Gorillas' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Chimpanzee The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''), also known as simply the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forest and savannah of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies. When its close relative the bonobo was more commonly known as the pygmy chimpanzee, this species was often called the common chimpanzee or the robust chimpanzee. The chimpanzee and the bonobo are the only species in the genus ''Pan''. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that ''Pan'' is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is humans' closest living relative. The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair, but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is larger and more robust than the bonobo, weighing for males and for females and standing . The chimpanzee lives in groups that range in size from 15 to 150 members, although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day. The species lives in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the "end" or the present time in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Provirus A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), proviruses are often referred to as prophages. However, proviruses are distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably. Unlike prophages, proviruses do not excise themselves from the host genome when the host cell is stressed. This state can be a stage of virus replication, or a state that persists over longer periods of time as either inactive viral infections or an endogenous viral element. In inactive viral infections the virus will not replicate itself except through replication of its host cell. This state can last over many host cell generations. Endogenous retroviruses are always in the state of a provirus. When a (nonendogenous) retrovirus invades a cell, the RNA of the retrovirus is reverse-transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase, then inserted into the host genome by an integrase. A provirus does not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Old World Monkey Old World monkey is the common English name for a family of primates known taxonomically as the Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons (genus '' Papio''), red colobus (genus '' Piliocolobus'') and macaques (genus '' Macaca''). Common names for other Old World monkeys include the talapoin, guenon, colobus, douc (douc langur, genus ''Pygathrix''), vervet, gelada, mangabey (a group of genera), langur, mandrill, surili (''Presbytis''), patas, and proboscis monkey. Phylogenetically, they are more closely related to apes than to New World monkeys. They diverged from a common ancestor of New World monkeys around 45 to 55 million years ago. The smallest Old World monkey is the talapoin, with a head and body 34–37 cm in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kg. The largest is the male mandrill, around 70 cm in length, and weighing up to 50 kg. Old ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]