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Howardula
''Howardula'' is a genus of nematode that infests the larvae of mushroom-feeding flies, beetles, and other insects. Various ''Howardula'' species and strains infest mushroom-feeding Drosophila, including ''Howardula aoronymphium'' and '' Howardula neocosmis''. '' Howardula husseyi'' can infest the mushroom phorid ''Megaselia halterata''. Life cycle The life cycle of ''Howardula'' nematodes begins inside the host fly, where infective juvenile nematodes are released by either the fly anus or ovipositor onto mushrooms. There, the juvenile nematodes mature and mate. Mated females will then pierce the cuticle of a fly larva using a specialized stylet, and enter the fly hemolymph (insect blood) where the nematode resides. Over the course of the fly host's metamorphosis, the female nematode matures into an adult stage called the motherworm. After the adult fly emerges from its pupa, the motherworm begins releasing juvenile nematodes directly into the hemocoel, renewing the cycle. Other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Howardula Aoronymphium
''Howardula aoronymphium'' is a species of nematode that infects specialist mushroom-feeding fruit flies such as ''Drosophila falleni'' and ''Drosophila neotestacea''. Mated female nematodes pierce the fly larva cuticle and take up residence in the hemolymph (insect blood) where they mature alongside the fly. When the adult fly ecloses, the nematode motherworm has reached full size and sheds juvenile nematodes into the hemolymph which are eventually excreted by either the fly anus or ovipositor. '' Howardula'' nematodes can severely impact fly egg development, as infection can effectively sterilize some species. ''Howardula aoronymphium'' are attracted to mushroom sites by cuing in on specific odourants that are common in rotting mushrooms. However the odourants that attract ''H. aoronymphium'' to mushrooms are different from the odours that attract its fly host '' D. falleni''. Yet when ''D. falleni'' are infected by ''H. aoronymphium'', their olfactory preferences differ. Infecte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Howardula Neocosmis
''Howardula'' is a genus of nematode that infests the larvae of mushroom-feeding flies, beetles, and other insects. Various ''Howardula'' species and strains infest mushroom-feeding Drosophila, including ''Howardula aoronymphium'' and '' Howardula neocosmis''. '' Howardula husseyi'' can infest the mushroom phorid ''Megaselia halterata''. Life cycle The life cycle of ''Howardula'' nematodes begins inside the host fly, where infective juvenile nematodes are released by either the fly anus or ovipositor onto mushrooms. There, the juvenile nematodes mature and mate. Mated females will then pierce the cuticle of a fly larva using a specialized stylet, and enter the fly hemolymph (insect blood) where the nematode resides. Over the course of the fly host's metamorphosis, the female nematode matures into an adult stage called the motherworm. After the adult fly emerges from its pupa, the motherworm begins releasing juvenile nematodes directly into the hemocoel, renewing the cycle. Other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Howardula Husseyi
''Howardula'' is a genus of nematode that infests the larvae of mushroom-feeding flies, beetles, and other insects. Various ''Howardula'' species and strains infest mushroom-feeding Drosophila, including ''Howardula aoronymphium'' and ''Howardula neocosmis''. '' Howardula husseyi'' can infest the mushroom phorid ''Megaselia halterata''. Life cycle The life cycle of ''Howardula'' nematodes begins inside the host fly, where infective juvenile nematodes are released by either the fly anus or ovipositor onto mushrooms. There, the juvenile nematodes mature and mate. Mated females will then pierce the cuticle of a fly larva using a specialized stylet, and enter the fly hemolymph (insect blood) where the nematode resides. Over the course of the fly host's metamorphosis, the female nematode matures into an adult stage called the motherworm. After the adult fly emerges from its pupa, the motherworm begins releasing juvenile nematodes directly into the hemocoel, renewing the cycle. Other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allantonematidae
Allantonematidae is a family of insect-parasitic nematodes from the order Tylenchida. Allantonematid nematodes infect a variety of insects including beetles, butterflies, flies, thrips, ants, and more. For instance, the nematode ''Howardula aoronymphium'' parasitizes mushroom-feeding fruit flies, '' Formicitylenchus oregonensis'' parasitizes carpenter ants, and ''Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi'' parasitizes a pest of coffee beans, the coffee berry borer. Allantonematid nematodes infect insect larvae by piercing through the cuticle, after which they reside in the insect blood. There they develop through multiple juvenile stages before being shed out the anus or reproductive tracts. Mating typically occurs external to the insect host, after which mated female nematodes infect new hosts. Systematics There are 2 subfamilies of Allantonematids that contain about 150 species in at least 16 genera. These include: *Subfamily ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * Subfamily ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom-feeding Drosophila
Mushroom-feeding ''Drosophila'' (mycophagous ''Drosophila'') are a subset of ''Drosophila'' flies that have highly specific mushroom-breeding ecologies. Often these flies can tolerate toxic compounds from ''Amanita'' mushrooms. Species groups * ''Drosophila testacea'' species group * ''Drosophila quinaria'' species group * '' Drosophila bizonata'' species group * Some members of the ''Drosophila obscura'' species group Sequenced genomes or transcriptomes * ''Drosophila guttifera'' * ''Drosophila neotestacea'' * ''Drosophila innubila'' * ''Drosophila falleni'' * '' Drosophila phalerata'' Gallery File: Dneo f3.tif , '' D. neotestacea'' ( Testacea species group) File: Dtestacea male 2-4.tif , '' D. testacea'' ( Testacea species group) File: Dinnubila4.tif , '' D. innubila'' ( Quinaria species group) File:Dguttifera.tif, ''Drosophila guttifera'' ( Quinaria species group) Dphalerata male.tif, '' Drosophila phalerata'' ( Quinaria species group) File:Drosophila falleni infec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Megaselia Halterata
The mushroom phorid fly ''(Megaselia halterata)'' is a species of scuttle fly or hump-backed flies in the family Phoridae. "The mushroom phorid" is also used to refer to ''M. halterata''. ''Megaselia halterata'' is a common pest of mushroom cultivation, attracted by the aroma of developing fungal mycelium. The larvae damage both the mushroom mycelium and gill tissues. ''Megaslia halterata'' can be found worldwide. ''Megaselia halterata'' is an important pest of mushroom cultivation, capable of severely limiting mushroom yield. ''Megaselia'' are naturally infected by '' Howardula'' nematodes, however entomopathogenic nematodes do not readily control ''M. halterata.'' Physical appearance Adult mushroom phorid flies are 2-3mm in length with a blackish-brown color. Their antennae are short, with only three segments. Belonging to the "Hump-backed flies" (Phoridae), they have a prominent-looking back side See also * ''Megaselia scalaris The fly ''Megaselia scalaris'' is a member ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steinernema
Steinernema is a genus of nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae. The genus ''Steinernema'' is named after the nematologist Gotthold Steiner. Life cycle Species form symbiotic relationships with ''Xenorhabdus'' and '' Photorhabdus'' bacteria. The free-living third stage juvenile, termed a dauer juvenile, enters its insect hosts through natural openings, such as the mouth, anus, and spiracles. Bacterial cells from the intestines are regurgitated into the insect. The insect hemolymph provides a rich medium for the bacterial cells which grow, releasing toxins and exoenzymes, causing the insect host to die from septicemia. The bacteria also produce other compounds to protect the insect from other microbes in the soil. The nematode moves out of its developmentally arrested third, nonfeeding stage, triggered by either bacterial or insect food signals. The nematodes feed on the bacteria and moult to the fourth stage, reaching adulthood within a few days. with separate male ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entomopathogenic Nematode
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are a group of nematodes (thread worms), that cause death to insects. The term ''entomopathogenic'' has a Greek origin, with ''entomon'', meaning ''insect'', and '' pathogenic'', which means ''causing disease''. They are animals that occupy a bio control middle ground between microbial pathogens and predator/parasitoids, and are habitually grouped with pathogens, most likely because of their symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Although many other parasitic thread worms cause diseases in living organisms (sterilizing or otherwise debilitating their host), entomopathogenic nematodes, are specific in only infecting insects. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) live parasitically inside the infected insect host, and so they are termed as ''endoparasitic''. They infect many different types of insects living in the soil like the larval forms of moths, butterflies, flies and beetles as well as adult forms of beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. EPNs have b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemocoel
The blood circulatory system is a organ system, system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek ''kardia'' meaning ''heart'', and from Latin ''vascula'' meaning ''vessels''). The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation, systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation, pulmonary circulation or circuit. Some sources use the terms ''cardiovascular system'' and ''vascular system'' interchangeably with the ''circulatory system''. The network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries, and large veins; other arteries, smaller arterioles, capillaries that join with venules (small veins), and other veins. The Closed circulatory system, circulatory system is closed in vertebrates, which means that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pupa
A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages thereof being egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The processes of entering and completing the pupal stage are controlled by the insect's hormones, especially juvenile hormone, prothoracicotropic hormone, and ecdysone. The act of becoming a pupa is called pupation, and the act of emerging from the pupal case is called eclosion or emergence. The pupae of different groups of insects have different names such as ''chrysalis'' for the pupae of butterflies and ''tumbler'' for those of the mosquito family. Pupae may further be enclosed in other structures such as cocoons, nests, or shells. Position in life cycle The pupal stage follows the larval stage and precedes adulthood (''imago'') in insects with complete metamorphosi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemolymph
Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod (invertebrate) body, remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues. It is composed of a fluid plasma in which hemolymph cells called hemocytes are suspended. In addition to hemocytes, the plasma also contains many chemicals. It is the major tissue type of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods (e.g. arachnids, crustaceans and insects). In addition, some non-arthropods such as molluscs possess a hemolymphatic circulatory system. Oxygen-transport systems were long thought unnecessary in insects, but ancestral and functional hemocyanin has been found in the hemolymph. Insect "blood" generally does not carry hemoglobin, although hemoglobin may be present in the tracheal system instead and play some role in respiration. Method of transport In the grasshopper, the closed portion of the system consists of tubular hearts and an aort ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animalia
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1 million are insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes, containing animals such as nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids and molluscs, and the deuterostomes, containing the echinode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
