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Hiberna
Hiberna in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was also known as "chleb zimowy" (winters bread) and it was an obligation to guarantee accommodation for troops during winter time. It was an obligation of ''Królewszczyzna'' (crown lands) and church estates. Initially it was paid-in-kind, in 1649-1652 it was a targeted tax to support the troops collected by Grand Crown Hetman. Over time ''hiberna'' absorbed some other taxes (e.g. Jewish poll tax and ''kwarta'') and extended to other population categories.''Scepter of Judah: The Jewish Autonomy in the Eighteenth-Century Crown Poland''pp. 16-17/ref> The term is borrowed from ancient Rome, where the '' castra hiberna'' were a winter camps for Roman legions The Roman legion ( la, legiō, ) was the largest military unit of the Roman army, composed of 5,200 infantry and 300 equites (cavalry) in the period of the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC) and of 5,600 infantry and 200 auxilia in the period of .... References {{reflist Military ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castra Hiberna
In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word ''castrum'', plural ''castra'', was a military-related term. In Latin usage, the singular form ''castrum'' meant 'fort', while the plural form ''castra'' meant 'camp'. The singular and plural forms could refer in Latin to either a building or plot of land, used as a fortified military base.. Included is a discussion about the typologies of Roman fortifications. In English usage, ''castrum'' commonly translates to "Roman fort", "Roman camp" and "Roman fortress". However, scholastic convention tends to translate ''castrum'' as "fort", "camp", "marching camp" or "fortress". Romans used the term ''castrum'' for different sizes of camps – including large legionary fortresses, smaller forts for cohorts or for auxiliary forces, temporary encampments, and "marching" forts. The diminutive form ''castellum'' was used for fortlets, typically occupied by a detachment of a cohort or a ''centuria''. For a list of known castra, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jewish Poll Tax
The Jewish poll tax ( pl, poglówne żydowskie) was a poll tax imposed on the Jews in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was later absorbed into the ''hiberna'' tax. ''Scepter of Judah: The Jewish Autonomy in the Eighteenth-Century Crown Poland''pp. 15-16/ref>The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, p. 118browse for "skhumot" online The Jews were exempt from other state and municipal taxes, which often caused protests from Polish city dwellers. Initially the collection of the tax was a duty of Jewish Councils (Council of Four Lands, Council of the Land of Lithuania). Sometimes it was paid to the royal treasury, other times it was paid directly to the military units funded from this tax. The Jewish councils divide the tax into smaller internal divisions called "portions" (Hebrew: ''skhumot'', Polish: ''sympla''). The sum of the portions was always larger than the state-imposed amount, and the council used the surplus for the needs of Jewish community and the council ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kwarta
The kwarta ( lt, 'kvarta') or quarter tax was a tax in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on all incomes from crown estates in ''królewszczyzna'' (crown lands). It was established in 1563.Norman Davies, ''God's Playground''p. 97/ref> Initially the rate was 1/4, hence the name, later 1/5. Its purpose was to maintain the Kwarta army. Later it was absorbed into the ''hiberna Hiberna in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was also known as "chleb zimowy" (winters bread) and it was an obligation to guarantee accommodation for troops during winter time. It was an obligation of ''Królewszczyzna'' (crown lands) and church es ...'' military-purpose tax. References Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Legal history of Poland Abolished taxes 1563 establishments in Europe 16th-century establishments in Poland {{Poland-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Lithuania ruled by a common Monarchy, monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and List of Lithuanian monarchs, Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- to 17th-century Europe. At its largest territorial extent, in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth covered almost and as of 1618 sustained a multi-ethnic population of almost 12 million. Polish language, Polish and Latin were the two co-official languages. The Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been in a ''de facto'' personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
