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Hexafluoroacetone
Hexafluoroacetone (HFA) is a chemical compound with the formula (CF3)2CO. It is structurally similar to acetone; however, its reactivity is markedly different. It a colourless, hygroscopic, nonflammable, highly reactive gas characterized by a musty odour. The most common form of this substance is hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate (1.5 H2O), which is a hemihydrate of hexafluoropropane-2,2-diol , a geminal diol. Synthesis The industrial route to HFA involves treatment of hexachloroacetone with HF: :(CCl3)2CO + 6 HF → (CF3)2CO + 6 HCl Hexafluoropropylene oxide rearranges to give HFA. In the laboratory, HFA can be prepared in a two step process from perfluoropropene. In the first step KF catalyzes the reaction of the alkene with elemental sulfur to give the 1,3-dithietane CF3)2CSsub>2. This species is then oxidized by iodate to give (CF3)2CO. Uses Hexafluoroacetone is used in the production of hexafluoroisopropanol: :(CF3)2CO + H2 → (CF3)2CHOH It is also used as a precursor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexafluoroacetone Imine
Hexafluoroacetone (HFA) is a chemical compound with the formula (CF3)2CO. It is structurally similar to acetone; however, its reactivity is markedly different. It a colourless, hygroscopic, nonflammable, highly reactive gas characterized by a musty odour. The most common form of this substance is hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate (1.5 H2O), which is a hemihydrate of hexafluoropropane-2,2-diol , a geminal diol. Synthesis The industrial route to HFA involves treatment of hexachloroacetone with HF: :(CCl3)2CO + 6 HF → (CF3)2CO + 6 HCl Hexafluoropropylene oxide rearranges to give HFA. In the laboratory, HFA can be prepared in a two step process from perfluoropropene. In the first step KF catalyzes the reaction of the alkene with elemental sulfur to give the 1,3-dithietane CF3)2CSsub>2. This species is then oxidized by iodate to give (CF3)2CO. Uses Hexafluoroacetone is used in the production of hexafluoroisopropanol: :(CF3)2CO + H2 → (CF3)2CHOH It is also used as a precurso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imine
In organic chemistry, an imine ( or ) is a functional group or organic compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond (). The nitrogen atom can be attached to a hydrogen or an organic group (R). The carbon atom has two additional single bonds. Imines are common in synthetic and naturally occurring compounds and they participate in many reactions. Structure For ketimines and aldimines, respectively, the five core atoms (C2C=NX and C(H)C=NX, X = H or C) are coplanar. Planarity results from the sp2-hybridization of the mutually double-bonded carbon and the nitrogen atoms. The C=N distance is 1.29-1.31 Å for nonconjugated imines and 1.35 Å for conjugated imines. By contrast, C-N distances in amines and nitriles are 1.47 and 1.16 Å, respectively. Rotation about the C=N bond is slow. Using NMR spectroscopy, both E- and Z-isomers of aldimines have been detected. Owing to steric effects, the E isomer is favored. Nomenclature and classification The term "imine" was coine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bisphenol AF
Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is a fluorinated organic compound that is an analogue of bisphenol A in which the two methyl groups are replaced with trifluoromethyl groups. It exists as a white to light-gray powder. Biological and Chemical Action Bisphenol AF is an endocrine disrupting chemical. Whereas BPA binds with human estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERR-γ), BPAF all but ignores ERR-γ. Instead, BPAF activates ERR-α and binds to and disables ERR-β. The chemical shifts in 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy are given in the literature. Applications Bisphenol AF is used as a crosslinking agent for certain fluoroelastomers and as a monomer for polyimides, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonate copolymers and other specialty polymers. Polymers containing Bisphenol AF are useful in specialties such as high-temperature composites and electronic materials. Industries include cosmetics, chemical manufacturing, production of metals and rubber. It can also be a plastic additive. See als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexafluoro-2-propanol
Hexafluoroisopropanol, commonly abbreviated HFIP, is the organic compound with the formula (CF3)2CHOH. This fluoroalcohol finds use as solvent and synthetic intermediate. It appears as a colorless, volatile liquid that is characterized by a strong, pungent odor. As a solvent hexafluoro-2-propanol is polar and exhibits strong hydrogen bonding properties enabling it to dissolve substances that serve as hydrogen-bond acceptors, such as amides and ethers. (CF3)2CHOH is classified as a hard Lewis acid and its acceptor properties are discussed in the ECW model. Its relative acceptor strength toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by C-B plots. Dual XH–π interaction of HFIP with arenes has been found (benzene/HFIP, 7.22 kcal/mol) even stronger than the hydrogen bond in a water dimer (5-6 kcal/mol). Hexafluoro-2-propanol is transparent to UV light with high density, low viscosity and low refractive index. Production and uses Hexafluoro-propan-2-ol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemiaminal
In organic chemistry, a hemiaminal (also carbinolamine) is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has a hydroxyl group and an amine attached to the same carbon atom: . R can be hydrogen or an alkyl group. Hemiaminals are intermediates in imine formation from an amine and a carbonyl by alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution. Hemiaminals can be viewed as a blend of aminals and geminal diol. They are a special case of amino alcohols. Classification according to amine precursor Addition of ammonia The adducts formed by the addition of ammonia to aldehydes have long been studied. Compounds containing both a primary amino group and a hydroxyl group bonded to the same carbon atom are rare. They are invoked but rarely observed as intermediates in the reaction of ammonia and aldehydes and ketones. One example of this rare functionality is the adduct of ammonia and hexafluoroacetone, . The C-substituted derivatives are obtained by reaction of aldehydes and ammonia: :3 RCHO + 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexafluoro-2-propanol
Hexafluoroisopropanol, commonly abbreviated HFIP, is the organic compound with the formula (CF3)2CHOH. This fluoroalcohol finds use as solvent and synthetic intermediate. It appears as a colorless, volatile liquid that is characterized by a strong, pungent odor. As a solvent hexafluoro-2-propanol is polar and exhibits strong hydrogen bonding properties enabling it to dissolve substances that serve as hydrogen-bond acceptors, such as amides and ethers. (CF3)2CHOH is classified as a hard Lewis acid and its acceptor properties are discussed in the ECW model. Its relative acceptor strength toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by C-B plots. Dual XH–π interaction of HFIP with arenes has been found (benzene/HFIP, 7.22 kcal/mol) even stronger than the hydrogen bond in a water dimer (5-6 kcal/mol). Hexafluoro-2-propanol is transparent to UV light with high density, low viscosity and low refractive index. Production and uses Hexafluoro-propan-2-ol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ketone
In organic chemistry, a ketone is a functional group with the structure R–C(=O)–R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group –C(=O)– (which contains a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' is methyl), with the formula . Many ketones are of great importance in biology and in industry. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids (e.g., testosterone), and the solvent acetone. Nomenclature and etymology The word ''ketone'' is derived from ''Aketon'', an old German word for ''acetone''. According to the rules of IUPAC nomenclature, ketone names are derived by changing the suffix ''-ane'' of the parent alkane to ''-anone''. Typically, the position of the carbonyl group is denoted by a number, but traditional nonsystematic names are still generally used for the most important ketones, for example acetone and benzophenone. These nonsystematic names are considere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phosphoryl Chloride
Phosphoryl chloride (commonly called phosphorus oxychloride) is a colourless liquid with the formula . It hydrolyses in moist air releasing phosphoric acid and fumes of hydrogen chloride. It is manufactured industrially on a large scale from phosphorus trichloride and oxygen or phosphorus pentoxide. It is mainly used to make phosphate esters such as tricresyl phosphate. Structure Like phosphate, is tetrahedral in shape. It features three P−Cl bonds and one strong P=O double bond, with an estimated bond dissociation energy of 533.5 kJ/mol. On the basis of bond length and electronegativity, the Schomaker-Stevenson rule suggests that the double bond form is dominant, in contrast with the case of . The P=O bond involves the donation of the lone pair electrons on oxygen ''p''-orbitals to the antibonding combinations associated with phosphorus-chlorine bonds, thus constituting ''π'' bonding. Phosphoryl chloride exists as neutral molecules in the solid, liquid and gas s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to 45% of the world's food and fertilizers. Around 70% of ammonia is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and Diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water. Although common in nature—both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System—and in wide use, ammonia is both caust ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equilibrium Constant
The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change. For a given set of reaction conditions, the equilibrium constant is independent of the initial analytical concentrations of the reactant and product species in the mixture. Thus, given the initial composition of a system, known equilibrium constant values can be used to determine the composition of the system at equilibrium. However, reaction parameters like temperature, solvent, and ionic strength may all influence the value of the equilibrium constant. A knowledge of equilibrium constants is essential for the understanding of many chemical systems, as well as biochemical processes such as oxygen transport by hemoglobin in blood and acid–base homeostasis in the human body. Stability constants, formation cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbonyl
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound. The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex (a metal carbonyl, e.g. nickel carbonyl). The remainder of this article concerns itself with the organic chemistry definition of carbonyl, where carbon and oxygen share a double bond. Carbonyl compounds In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group characterizes the following types of compounds: Other organic carbonyls are urea and the carbamates, the derivatives of acyl chlorides chloroformates and phosgene, carbonate esters, thioesters, lactones, lactams, hydroxamates, and isocyanates. Examples of inorganic carbonyl compounds are carbon dioxide and carbonyl sulfide. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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