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Halictinae
Within the insect order Hymenoptera, the Halictinae are the largest, most diverse, and most recently diverged of the four halictid subfamilies. They comprise over 2400 bee species belonging to the five taxonomic tribes Augochlorini, Thrinchostomini, Caenohalictini, Sphecodini, and Halictini, which some entomologists alternatively organize into the two tribes Augochlorini and Halictini. The subfamily Halictinae also belongs to the hymenopteran monophyletic clade Aculeata, whose members are characterized by the possession of a modified ovipositor in the form of a venomous sting for predator and prey defense. Including all eusocial and cleptoparasitic Halictidae taxa, these small bees are pollen feeders who mass provision their young and exhibit a broad spectrum of behavioral social polymorphies, ranging from solitary nesting to obligate eusociality. Estimated from the fossil record, eusociality in this subfamily evolved about 20 to 22 million years ago, which is relatively ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halictidae
Halictidae is the second-largest family of bees (clade Anthophila) with nearly 4,500 species. Halictid species are an extremely diverse group that can vary greatly in appearance. These bees occur all over the world and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Usually dark-colored (frequently brown or black) and often metallic, halictids are found in various sizes, colors and patterns. Several species are all or partly green and a few are red, purple, or blue. A number of them have yellow markings, especially the males, which commonly have yellow faces, a pattern widespread among the various families of bees. The family is one of many with short tongues and is best distinguished by the arcuate (strongly curved) basal vein found on the wing. Females in this family tend to be larger than the males. They are commonly referred to as "sweat bees" (especially the smaller species), as they are often attracted to perspiration. Ecology Most halictids nest in the ground, often in ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Megalopta
''Megalopta'' is a widespread neotropical genus of bees in the tribe Augochlorini in family Halictidae, known as the sweat bees. They are the largest of the five nocturnal genera in Augochlorini. Most have pale integumentary pigmentation, and all have large ocelli, most likely a feature of their nocturnal behavior. They live in tropical Central America and the entirety of South America. The subgenus ''Noctoraptor'' is cleptoparasitic. They are not known from the fossil record. ''Megalopta'' was first described by Frederick Smith in 1853. The type species is ''Megalopta idalia,'' now known as '' Megalopta amoena''. Most studies done on ''Megalopta'' are focused on ''M. genalis''. General description ''Megalopta'' are up to 2 cm long. They have large ocelli and compound eyes, used for nocturnal foraging. They have a yellow/brown abdomen with dark brown banding and metallic green/yellow to bronze thorax and head. Nocturnal behavior and vision All species of ''Megalopta'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neotropical Realm
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeography, the Neotropic or Neotropical realm is one of the eight terrestrial realms. This realm includes South America, Central America, the Caribbean islands, and southern North America. In Mexico, the Yucatán Peninsula and southern lowlands, and most of the east and west coastlines, including the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula are Neotropical. In the United States southern Florida and coastal Central Florida are considered Neotropical. The realm also includes temperate southern South America. In contrast, the Neotropical Floristic Kingdom excludes southernmost South America, which instead is placed in the Antarctic kingdom. The Neotropic is delimited by similarities in fauna or flora. Its fauna and flora are distinct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eusociality
Eusociality (from Greek εὖ ''eu'' "good" and social), the highest level of organization of sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups within an animal society which are sometimes referred to as 'castes'. Eusociality is distinguished from all other social systems because individuals of at least one caste usually lose the ability to perform at least one behavior characteristic of individuals in another caste. Eusocial colonies can be viewed as superorganisms. Eusociality exists in certain insects, crustaceans, and mammals. It is mostly observed and studied in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and in Blattodea (termites). A colony has caste differences: queens and reproductive males take the roles of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augochlorini
Augochlorini is a tribe of sweat bees in the subfamily Halictinae. They are found in the Nearctic and Neotropic realms. They typically display metallic coloration, with many species that are red, gold, green, blue, or purple. Genera * '' Andinaugochlora'' Eickwort, 1969 * '' Ariphanarthra'' Moure, 1951 * '' Augochlora'' Smith, 1853 * '' Augochlorella'' Sandhouse, 1937 * '' Augochlorodes'' Moure, 1958 * '' Augochloropsis'' Cockerell, 1897 * '' Caenaugochlora'' Michener, 1954 * '' Ceratalictus'' Moure, 1943 * '' Chlerogas'' Vachal, 1904 * '' Chlerogella'' Michener, 1954 * '' Chlerogelloides'' Engel, Brooks & Yanega, 1997 * '' Corynura'' Spinola, 1851 * '' Corynurella'' Eickwort, 1969 * '' Halictillus'' Moure, 1947 * ''Ischnomelissa'' Engel, 1997 * ''Megalopta ''Megalopta'' is a widespread neotropical genus of bees in the tribe Augochlorini in family Halictidae, known as the sweat bees. They are the largest of the five nocturnal genera in Augochlorini. Most have pale integum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halictini
Halictini is a tribe of sweat bees in the sub-family Halictinae. Genera The following are included by ''BioLib.cz'': # '' Agapostemon'' Guérin-Ménéville, 1844 # '' Agapostemonoides'' Roberts & Brooks, 1987 # '' Caenohalictus'' Cameron, 1903 # '' Dinagapostemon'' Moure & Hurd, 1982 # '' Echthralictus'' Perkins & Cheesman, 1928 # '' Eupetersia'' Blüthgen, 1928 # '' Glossodialictus'' Pauly, 1984 # '' Habralictus'' Moure, 1941 # ''Halictus'' Latreille, 1804 # '' Homalictus'' Cockerell, 1919 # ''Lasioglossum'' Curtis, 1833 # '' Mexalictus'' Eickwort, 1978 # '' Microsphecodes'' Eickwort & Stage, 1972 # '' Nesosphecodes'' Engel, 2006 # '' Paragapostemon'' Vachal, 1903 # '' Parathrincostoma'' Blüthgen, 1933 # '' Patellapis'' Friese, 1909 # '' Pseudagapostemon'' Schrottky, 1909 # '' Ptilocleptis'' Michener, 1978 # '' Rhinetula'' Friese, 1922 # '' Ruizantheda'' Moure, 1964 # ''Sphecodes ''Sphecodes'' is a genus of bees from the family Halictidae, the majority of which are black and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Facultative
{{wiktionary, facultative Facultative means "optional" or "discretionary" (antonym '' obligate''), used mainly in biology in phrases such as: * Facultative (FAC), facultative wetland (FACW), or facultative upland (FACU): wetland indicator statuses for plants * Facultative anaerobe, an organism that can use oxygen but also has anaerobic methods of energy production. It can survive in either environment * Facultative biotroph, an organism, often a fungus, that can live as a saprotroph but also form mutualisms with other organisms at different times of its life cycle. * Facultative biped, an animal that is capable of walking or running on two legs as well as walking or running on four limbs or more, as appropriate * Facultative carnivore, a carnivore that does not depend solely on animal flesh for food but also can subsist on non-animal food. Compare this with the term omnivore * Facultative heterochromatin, tightly packed but non-repetitive DNA in the form of Heterochromatin, but whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Plate, North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as a part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about , about 16.5% of Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population. In Americas (terminology)#Human ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temnosoma
''Temnosoma'' is a genus of bees belonging to the family Halictidae. The species of this genus are found in Central and Southern America. Species: *''Temnosoma aeruginosum'' *''Temnosoma fulvipes'' *''Temnosoma laevigatum'' *''Temnosoma malachisis'' *''Temnosoma metallicum'' *''Temnosoma smaragdinum'' *''Temnosoma sphaerocephalum ''Temnosoma'' is a genus of bees belonging to the family Halictidae. The species of this genus are found in Central and Southern America. Species: *''Temnosoma aeruginosum'' *''Temnosoma fulvipes'' *''Temnosoma laevigatum'' *''Temnosoma mal ...'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q14468648 Halictidae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymorphism (biology)
In biology, polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative ''phenotypes'', in the population of a species. To be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating). Ford E.B. 1965. ''Genetic polymorphism''. Faber & Faber, London. Put simply, polymorphism is when there are two or more possibilities of a trait on a gene. For example, there is more than one possible trait in terms of a jaguar's skin colouring; they can be light morph or dark morph. Due to having more than one possible variation for this gene, it is termed 'polymorphism'. However, if the jaguar has only one possible trait for that gene, it would be termed "monomorphic". For example, if there was only one possible skin colour that a jaguar could have, it would be termed monomorphic. The term polyphenism can be used to clarify that the different forms arise from the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New World
The term ''New World'' is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 33: "[16c: from the feminine of ''Americus'', the Latinized first name of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512). The name ''America'' first appeared on a map in 1507 by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, referring to the area now called Brazil]. Since the 16c, a name of the western hemisphere, often in the plural ''Americas'' and more or less synonymous with ''the New World''. Since the 18c, a name of the United States of America. The second sense is now primary in English: ... However, the term is open to uncertainties: ..." The term gained prominence in the early 16th century, during Europe's Age of Discovery, shortly after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci concluded that America (now often called ''the Am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augochloropsis Metallica Male
''Augochloropsis'' is a genus of brilliant metallic, often blue-green, sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 140 described species in ''Augochloropsis''. Description and identification Species of the genus ''Augochloropsis'' are generally between 8 and 12 mm long and metallic, typically bright green or blue in color, with some exceptions such as gold, red, or purple.Mitchell, T. B. (1960). Bees of the eastern United States. ''Augochloropsis'' species can be differentiated from other Augochlorini at the genus level by the tegulae that are punctate, D-shaped, and bent inwards. Geographic distribution The genus ''Augochloropsis'' is restricted to the New World, and the vast majority of species are found in the tropical and subtropical regions.Choe, J. C., & Crespi, B. J. (Eds.). (1997). ''The evolution of social behaviour in insects and arachnids''. Cambridge University Press. Three ''Augochloropsis'' species are found in the temperate regions of North ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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