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HOMER1
Homer protein homolog 1 or Homer1 is a neuronal protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HOMER1'' gene. Other names are Vesl and PSD-Zip45. Structure Homer1 protein has an N-terminal EVH1 domain, involved in protein interaction, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain involved in self association. It consists of two major splice variants, short-form (Homer1a) and long-form (Homer1b and c). Homer1a has only EVH1 domain and is monomeric while Homer1b and 1c have both EVH1 and coiled-coil domains and are tetrameric. The coiled-coil can be further separated into N-terminal half and C-terminal half. The N-terminal half of the coiled-coil domain is predicted to be a parallel dimer while the C-terminus half is a hybrid of dimeric and anti-parallel tetrameric coiled-coil. As a whole, long Homer is predicted to have a dumbbell-like structure where two pairs of EVH1 domains are located on two sides of long (~50 nm) coiled-coil domain. Mammals have HOMER2, Homer2 and HOMER3, Home ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RYR1
Ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR-1) also known as skeletal muscle calcium release channel or skeletal muscle-type ryanodine receptor is one of a class of ryanodine receptors and a protein found primarily in skeletal muscle. In humans, it is encoded by the ''RYR1'' gene. Function RYR1 functions as a calcium release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, as well as a connection between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubule. RYR1 is associated with the dihydropyridine receptor (L-type calcium channels) within the sarcolemma of the T-tubule, which opens in response to depolarization, and thus effectively means that the RYR1 channel opens in response to depolarization of the cell. RYR1 plays a signaling role during embryonic skeletal myogenesis. A correlation exists between RYR1-mediated Ca2+ signaling and the expression of multiple molecules involved in key myogenic signaling pathways. Of these, more than 10 differentially expressed genes belong to the Wnt family which a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EVH1 Domain
WH1 domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. Therefore, it has an important function. Function WH1 domains are found on WASP proteins, which are often involved in actin polymerization. Hence, WH1 is important for all cellular processes involving actin, this includes cell motility, cell trafficking, cell division and cytokinesis, cell signalling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape. Structure Tertiary structure of the WH1 domain of the Mena protein revealed structure similarities with the pleckstrin (PH) domain. The overall fold consists of a compact parallel beta-sandwich, closed along one edge by a long alpha helix. A highly conserved cluster of three surface-exposed aromatic side-chains forms the recognition site for the molecule's target ligands. Interactions The WASP protein family control actin polymerization by activating the Arp2/3 complex. WASP is defective in Wiskott–Ald ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long-term Potentiation
In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. The opposite of LTP is long-term depression, which produces a long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength. It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength. As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory. LTP was discovered in the rabbit hippocampus by Terje Lømo in 1966 and has remained a popular subject of research since. Many modern LTP studies seek to better understand its basic biology, while others aim to draw a causal link between LTP and behavioral learning. Still, others try to develop methods, pharmacologic or otherwise, of enhanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synaptic Plasticity
In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. Since memories are postulated to be represented by vastly interconnected neural circuits in the brain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical foundations of learning and memory (''see Hebbian theory''). Plastic change often results from the alteration of the number of neurotransmitter receptors located on a synapse. There are several underlying mechanisms that cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity, including changes in the quantity of neurotransmitters released into a synapse and changes in how effectively cells respond to those neurotransmitters. Synaptic plasticity in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses has been found to be dependent upon postsynaptic calcium release. Historical discoveries In 1973, Terje Lømo and Tim Bliss first described the now widely studied phenomenon of long-term pote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HOMER2
Homer protein homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HOMER2'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the homer family of dendritic proteins. Members of this family regulate group 1 metabotrophic glutamate receptor function. The encoded protein may be involved in cell growth. Four transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Interactions HOMER2 has been shown to interact with RYR1. See also * HOMER1 Homer protein homolog 1 or Homer1 is a neuronal protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HOMER1'' gene. Other names are Vesl and PSD-Zip45. Structure Homer1 protein has an N-terminal EVH1 domain, involved in protein interaction, and a C-te ... * HOMER3 References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-15-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HOMER3
Homer protein homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HOMER3'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the homer family of dendritic proteins. Members of this family regulate group 1 metabotrophic glutamate receptor function. The encoded protein may be involved in cell growth. Interactions HOMER3 has been shown to interact with TRPC1 Transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPC1'' gene. Function TRPC1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of numerous human and animal cell types. It is a nonspecific cation ... and RYR1. See also * HOMER1 * HOMER2 References Further reading * * * * * * * EVH1 domain {{gene-19-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CENTG1
Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AGAP2'' gene. Interactions CENTG1 has been shown to interact with: * EPB41L1, * HOMER1 and * PIK3R1 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PIK3R1'' gene. Function Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The e .... References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-12-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drebrin
Drebrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DBN1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic actin-binding protein thought to play a role in the process of neuronal growth. It is a member of the drebrin family of proteins that are developmentally regulated in the brain. A decrease in the amount of this protein in the brain has been implicated as a possible contributing factor in the pathogenesis of memory disturbance in Alzheimer's disease. At least two alternative splice variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described for this gene. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of DBN1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called ''Dbn1tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi'' was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen In genetics, the phenotype () is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dynamin
Dynamin is a GTPase responsible for endocytosis in the eukaryotic cell. Dynamin is part of the "dynamin superfamily", which includes classical dynamins, dynamin-like proteins, Mx proteins, OPA1, mitofusins, and GBPs. Members of the dynamin family are principally involved in the scission of newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cellular compartment and their targeting to, and fusion with, another compartment, both at the cell surface (particularly caveolae internalization) as well as at the Golgi apparatus.Hinshaw, J"Research statement, Jenny E. Hinshaw, Ph.D."National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology. Accessed 19 March 2013. Dynamin family members also play a role in many processes including division of organelles, cytokinesis and microbial pathogen resistance. Structure Dynamin itself is a 96 kDa enzyme, and was first isolated when researchers were attempting to isolate new microtubule-based motors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dendritic Spine
A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse. Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body. Most spines have a bulbous head (the spine head), and a thin neck that connects the head of the spine to the shaft of the dendrite. The dendrites of a single neuron can contain hundreds to thousands of spines. In addition to spines providing an anatomical substrate for memory storage and synaptic transmission, they may also serve to increase the number of possible contacts between neurons. It has also been suggested that changes in the activity of neurons have a positive effect on spine morphology. Structure Dendritic spines are small with spine head volumes ranging 0.01 μm3 to 0.8 μm3. Spines with strong synaptic contacts typically have a large spine head, which connects to the dendrite via a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
