HLA-DR16

	HLA-DR16 HLA-DR16(DR16) is a HLA- DR serotype that recognizes the DRB11601, 1602 and 1604 gene products. DR16 is found in the Mediterranean at modest frequencies. DR16 is part of the older HLA-DR2 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR15 antigens. Alleles Disease associations DR16 is associated with Chaga's cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery ectasia, and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. DRB11601 is associated with tuberculosis risk DRB11602: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic heart disease,Takayasu arteritis systemic sclerosis (SSc) & anti-DNA topoisomerase I (anti-topo I) antibody, [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HLA-DR51 HLA-DR51 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the antigens encoded by the minor DR locus HLA-DRB5. DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 are minor DR beta encoding loci, they have been recognized as having distinct evolution, having diverged from DRB1 approximately 4 million years ago. DRB5 locus is only apparent in a small subset of DR haplotypes, and most individuals lack DRB5. Alleles DRB5* is subdivided into two allele groups, DRB501 and DRB502. B501 encodes 14 alleles and 11 isoforms. B502 encoded 4 alleles that can generate 4 isoforms. Only 3 of these have been surveyed by serotyping. There are numerous null genes at this locus. DRB501 allele group 14 Alleles: 11 proteins, 2 Nulls * DR51 Serotype: 0101, 0102 * Serotype unknown: 0103 to 0107, 0109, 0110 to 0113 Nulls: 0108N, 0110N DRB502 allele group 4 Alleles: 4 proteins * DR51 Serotype: 0202, Serotype unknown: 0203 to 0205 Associated diseases DR51 serotype is positively associated with The following HLA-DRB ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HLA-DR2 HLA-DR2 (DR2) of the HLA- DR serotype system, is a broad antigen serotype that is now preferentially covered by HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR16 serotype group. This serotype primarily recognizes gene products of the HLA-DRB115 and HLA-DRB116 allele groups. Serology Disease associations DR2 serotypes are associated with Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and narcolepsy, tuberculoid leprosy (multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis or leprosy), ulcerative colitis(Japanese), primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. DR2 is also found in all patients that test positive for anti-anti-Asn-RNA-synthetase and chronic interstitial lung disease. Genetic linkage DR2 is linked to the HLA-DR51 HLA-DR51 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the antigens encoded by the minor DR locus HLA-DRB5. DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 are minor DR beta encoding loci, they have been recognized as having distinct evolution, having diverged from DRB1 approximate .... Reference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HLA-DR15 HLA-DR15 (DR15) is a HLA- DR serotype that recognizes the DRB11501 to 1505 and 1507 gene products. DR15 is found at high levels from Ireland to Central Asia. DR15 is part of the older HLA-DR2 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR16 antigens. Serology Serotypes are unknown for the following alleles: DRB11506, 1508 to 1516, 1518 to 1522. DRB11517N is a null. Alleles Disease associations DR15 is positively associated Goodpasture syndrome, early age onset multiple sclerosis, pernicious anaemia, sarcoidosis, hypocretin deficiency associated narcolepsy and a predisposition for postmenopausal osteoporosis. DRB11501 is positively associated with Goodpasture syndrome, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cervical cancer (human papillomavirus infection), Sjögren syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, and intermediate uveitis. DRB11502 is associated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	HLA-DR HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen – DR isotype) and peptide, generally between 9 and 30 amino acids in length, constitutes a ligand for the T-cell receptor (TCR). HLA (human leukocyte antigens) were originally defined as cell surface antigens that mediate graft-versus-host disease. Identification of these antigens has led to greater success and longevity in organ transplant. Antigens most responsible for graft loss are HLA-DR (first six months), HLA-B (first two years), and HLA-A (long-term survival). Good matching of these antigens between host and donor is most critical for achieving graft survival. HLA-DR is also involved in several autoimmune conditions, disease susceptibility and disease resistance. It is also closely linked to HLA-DQ and this linkage often makes it difficult to resolve the more causative factor in disease. HLA-DR mol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Coronary Artery Ectasia Coronary artery ectasia is a rare disease that occurs in only 0.3-4.9% of people in North America. Coronary artery ectasia is characterized by the enlargement of a coronary artery to 1.5 times or more than its normal diameter.Lin, C.T., Chen, C.W., Lin, T.W., and Lin, C.L (2008) Coronary artery ectasia, ''Tzu Chi Med'', 20(14), 270-274 The disease is commonly asymptomatic and is normally discovered when performing tests for other conditions such as coronary artery disease, stable angina and other acute coronary syndromes.Hsu, P.C., Su, H.M., Lee, H.C., Juo, S.H., Lin, T.H., Voon, W.C., Lai, W.T., and Sheu, S.H.(2014)Coronary artery collateral circulation in patients of coronary ectasia with significant coronary artery disease.''PLOS ONE'',9(1), doi: 10.13.71Antoniadia, A.P., Chatzizisis, Y.S., and Giamoglou, G.P. (2008) Pathogenic mechanisms of coronary ectasia. ''Int J Cardio'', 130, 335-343 Coronary artery ectasia occurs 4 times more frequently in males than in females and in peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Melioidosis Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by a gram-negative bacterium called ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as fever and skin changes, to severe with pneumonia, abscesses, and septic shock that could cause death. Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis". Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare. The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast Thailand and northern Australia. In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic. The sign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Systemic Sclerosis Systemic scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis, is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterised by excessive production and accumulation of collagen, called fibrosis, in the skin and internal organs and by injuries to small arteries. There are two major subgroups of systemic sclerosis based on the extent of skin involvement: limited and diffuse. The limited form affects areas below, but not above, the elbows and knees with or without involvement of the face. The diffuse form also affects the skin above the elbows and knees and can also spread to the torso. Visceral organs, including the kidneys, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract can also be affected by the fibrotic process. Prognosis is determined by the form of the disease and the extent of visceral involvement. Patients with limited systemic sclerosis have a better prognosis than those with the diffuse form. Death is most often caused by lung, heart, and kidney involvement. The risk of cancer is increased slightly. Survival ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. The disease may also affect other parts of the body, including skin, eyes, lungs, heart, nerves and blood. This may result in a low red blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present. Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months. While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. It also affects the underlying bone and cartilage. The diagnosis is made mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. It was historically referred to as consumption due to the weight loss associated with the disease. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with Latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke. Diagnosis of active TB is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle. Early on there may be few or no symptoms. As the disease worsens, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur, due to the onset of heart failure. An irregular heart beat and fainting may occur. Those affected are at an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Types of cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome). In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens. In dilated cardiomyopathy the ventricles enlarge and weaken. In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens. In many cases, the cause cannot be determined. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually inherited, whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases. Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from alcohol, heavy m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Rheumatic Heart Disease Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a streptococcal throat infection. Signs and symptoms include fever, multiple painful joints, involuntary muscle movements, and occasionally a characteristic non-itchy rash known as erythema marginatum. The heart is involved in about half of the cases. Damage to the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD), usually occurs after repeated attacks but can sometimes occur after one. The damaged valves may result in heart failure, atrial fibrillation and infection of the valves. Rheumatic fever may occur following an infection of the throat by the bacterium ''Streptococcus pyogenes''. If the infection is left untreated, rheumatic fever occurs in up to three percent of people. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve the production of antibodies against a person's own tissues. Due to their genetics, some peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]